Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte02:33

Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte

30.4K
Seed structures are composed of a protective seed coat surrounding a plant embryo, and a food store for the developing embryo. The embryo contains the precursor tissues for leaves, stem, and roots. The endosperm and cotyledons—seed leaves—act as the food reserves for the growing embryo.
30.4K
The Angiosperm Life Cycle02:39

The Angiosperm Life Cycle

71.3K
Plants have a life cycle split between two multicellular stages: a haploid stage—with cells containing one set of chromosomes—and a diploid stage—with cells containing two sets of chromosomes. The haploid stage is the gamete-producing gametophyte, and the diploid stage is the spore-producing sporophyte.
71.3K
Dihybrid Crosses01:18

Dihybrid Crosses

80.2K
Overview
80.2K
Fruit Development, Structure, and Function01:58

Fruit Development, Structure, and Function

24.4K
Fruits form from a mature flower ovary. As seeds develop from the ovules contained within, the ovary wall undergoes a series of complex changes to form fruit. In some fruits, such as soybeans, the ovary wall dries; in other fruits, such as grapes, it remains fleshy. In some cases, organs other than the ovary contribute to fruit formation; such fruits are called accessory fruits.
24.4K
Introduction to Seed Plants03:40

Introduction to Seed Plants

67.4K
Most plants are seed plants—characterized by seeds, pollen, and reduced gametophytes. Seed plants include gymnosperms and angiosperms.
67.4K
Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

24.9K
Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal...
24.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Ligand-induced ubiquitination regulates endocytosis and homeostasis of the ERECTA receptor kinase for stomatal development.

The New phytologist·2026
Same author

Cell cycle in plant development and reprogramming.

Development (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same author

Comparative proteomic profiling of receptor kinase signaling reveals key trafficking components enforcing plant stomatal development.

Science advances·2026
Same author

Integrative approaches for the structure-based functional understanding of the ethylene response in plants.

The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology·2026
Same author

ERECTA-family receptor kinases: versatile regulators of plant developmental signaling.

The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology·2026
Same author

Extracellular calcium modulates pollen tube growth and guidance in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Identification of the Genes Involved in Stomatal Development via Epidermal Phenotype Scoring
05:22

Identification of the Genes Involved in Stomatal Development via Epidermal Phenotype Scoring

Published on: January 20, 2023

2.0K

A Peptide Pair Coordinates Regular Ovule Initiation Patterns with Seed Number and Fruit Size.

Nozomi Kawamoto1, Dunia Pino Del Carpio2, Alexander Hofmann3

  • 1Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, University Street 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University Street 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.

Current Biology : CB
|September 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Plant ovule spacing is regulated by EPFL2 and EPFL9 peptides acting on ERECTA family receptors. This signaling ensures regular ovule arrangement, optimizing seed development and fruit growth in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Keywords:
ArabidopsisEPFL2EPFL9ERfamily receptor kinasesovulespattern formation

More Related Videos

Evaluation of Fertilization State by Tracing Sperm Nuclear Morphology in Arabidopsis Double Fertilization
05:21

Evaluation of Fertilization State by Tracing Sperm Nuclear Morphology in Arabidopsis Double Fertilization

Published on: August 29, 2019

8.9K
A Method for Characterizing Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis
10:24

A Method for Characterizing Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis

Published on: August 4, 2017

11.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Identification of the Genes Involved in Stomatal Development via Epidermal Phenotype Scoring
05:22

Identification of the Genes Involved in Stomatal Development via Epidermal Phenotype Scoring

Published on: January 20, 2023

2.0K
Evaluation of Fertilization State by Tracing Sperm Nuclear Morphology in Arabidopsis Double Fertilization
05:21

Evaluation of Fertilization State by Tracing Sperm Nuclear Morphology in Arabidopsis Double Fertilization

Published on: August 29, 2019

8.9K
A Method for Characterizing Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis
10:24

A Method for Characterizing Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis

Published on: August 4, 2017

11.7K

Area of Science:

  • Plant developmental biology
  • Molecular genetics
  • Reproductive biology

Background:

  • Ovule development in Arabidopsis thaliana is crucial for reproduction and involves pattern formation for optimal spacing.
  • While genes controlling ovule initiation are known, the mechanism for spacing ovule primordia remained unclear.
  • Understanding plant reproductive patterning is key to improving crop yield and efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the fundamental patterning mechanism controlling ovule spacing within the placenta.
  • To identify the genetic factors and signaling pathways involved in regular ovule arrangement.
  • To investigate the role of EPFL peptides and ERECTA receptors in gynoecium and fruit development.

Main Methods:

  • Natural variation analysis
  • Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis
  • Gene expression analysis
  • Analysis of mutant phenotypes

Main Results:

  • Two secreted peptides, EPFL2 and EPFL9 (Stomagen), and ERECTA (ER) family receptors control ovule spacing.
  • EPFL9 signaling from the carpel wall promotes fruit growth via ER, ERL1, and ERL2.
  • EPFL2 signaling in the carpel wall and inter-ovule spaces, acting through ERL1 and ERL2, ensures regular ovule spacing.
  • Loss of EPFL2 signaling leads to shorter gynoecia/fruits and irregular ovule spacing or twinning.

Conclusions:

  • The EPFL2 signaling module is essential for initiating and maintaining equidistant spacing of ovule primordia.
  • This spacing mechanism likely minimizes seed competition and ensures equitable resource allocation.
  • EPFL2 and EPFL9 coordinate ovule patterning and seed number with gynoecium/fruit growth via shared receptors.