Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke
Published on: February 12, 2015
Relative and absolute socioeconomic inequality in smoking: time trends in Germany from 1995 to 2013
Thaddäus Tönnies1, Hermann Pohlabeln2, Martin Eichler3
1Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Purpose:
This study aimed to investigate time trends in relative and absolute socioeconomic inequality in smoking prevalence in Germany using several indicators for socioeconomic position.
Methods:
We conducted a repeated cross-sectional study using representative samples of the German population aged between 25 and 64 years in 1995, 1999, 2005, 2009, and 2013 (n = 857,264). Socioeconomic position was measured by indicators for income, education, and occupation. Relative and absolute socioeconomic inequalities were estimated with the regression-based relative index of inequality and the slope index of inequality, respectively. Trends in inequalities were estimated with interaction terms for time and relative index of inequality/slope index of inequality.
Results:
Highest and increasing smoking prevalence was observed among long-term unemployed and people with less than 60% of the median household income. Between 1995 and 2013, relative increases in inequalities in smoking prevalence ranged from 31% (95% confidence interval, 26%-36%; men, occupation) to 94% (95% confidence interval, 84%-104%; women, education). Absolute increases ranged from 6.2 (95% confidence interval, 4.7-7.6) percentage points (men, occupation) to 20.3 (95% confidence interval, 18.9-21.7) percentage points (women, education).
Conclusions:
Relative and absolute socioeconomic inequalities in smoking prevalence increased in Germany between 1995 and 2013, with regard to income, education, and occupation, particularly among women.
More Related Videos
06:39Electroencephalographic, Heart Rate, and Galvanic Skin Response Assessment for an Advertising Perception Study: Application to Antismoking Public Service Announcements
Published on: August 28, 2017
06:07Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System
Published on: October 22, 2020
Related Concept Videos
Statistical Methods for Analyzing Epidemiological Data
Relative Frequency Histogram
Relative Risk
Stress Prevention and Stress Management Techniques IV
Observational Studies
There are three types of observational studies – Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional.
Prospective Study
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal or cohort studies, are carried out by collecting future data from groups sharing similar characteristics. One...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction