Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

24.6K
Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
24.6K
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

38.9K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
38.9K
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.5K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Subtype-specific associations between ambient air pollution and influenza virus infection: A nationwide case-crossover study in China.

Journal of hazardous materials·2026
Same author

A Human Mobility-Based Modeling Study of Influenza Vaccination Strategies Across Socioeconomically Disparate Regions in China.

Vaccines·2026
Same author

DIAPH1 regulates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway resulting in microcephaly and visual impairment.

BMC medical genomics·2026
Same author

Serological Surveillance of Avian Influenza Virus H9N2 Subtype in Occupational Populations Exposed to Poultry Environment in China During 2018-2023.

Open forum infectious diseases·2026
Same author

GMW: a hybrid graph-based approach for post-assembly metagenome analysis and decontamination.

Science China. Life sciences·2026
Same author

Human monoclonal antibodies isolated after seasonal vaccination broadly neutralize antigenically drifted influenza B viruses.

Cell host & microbe·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine
05:59

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

Published on: December 4, 2015

9.7K

Emerging HxNy Influenza A Viruses.

William J Liu1, Yan Wu2, Yuhai Bi3

  • 1National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
|September 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Influenza A virus (HxNy) reassortment drives epidemics and pandemics. Understanding HxNy virus evolution in animals and humans is crucial for public health prevention and control strategies.

More Related Videos

Production of High-Titer Infectious Influenza Pseudotyped Particles with Envelope Glycoproteins from Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and Avian H7N9 Viruses
08:10

Production of High-Titer Infectious Influenza Pseudotyped Particles with Envelope Glycoproteins from Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and Avian H7N9 Viruses

Published on: January 15, 2020

8.7K
Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection
10:44

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Published on: September 7, 2017

29.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine
05:59

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

Published on: December 4, 2015

9.7K
Production of High-Titer Infectious Influenza Pseudotyped Particles with Envelope Glycoproteins from Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and Avian H7N9 Viruses
08:10

Production of High-Titer Infectious Influenza Pseudotyped Particles with Envelope Glycoproteins from Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and Avian H7N9 Viruses

Published on: January 15, 2020

8.7K
Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection
10:44

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Published on: September 7, 2017

29.4K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Influenza A viruses (HxNy) continuously emerge and reemerge due to genome reassortment.
  • These viruses cause seasonal epidemics, pandemics, and zoonotic outbreaks.
  • Understanding diverse HxNy subtypes in wild birds, mammals, and markets is vital.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize characteristics of historic human pandemic HxNy viruses.
  • To review diverse HxNy subtypes across animal reservoirs and markets.
  • To analyze molecular features of emerging HxNy influenza viruses.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on HxNy influenza viruses.
  • Analysis of viral genome reassortment mechanisms.
  • Examination of molecular characteristics including receptor binding, drug resistance, and gene segment compatibility.

Main Results:

  • Historic pandemic HxNy viruses exhibit specific characteristics.
  • Diverse HxNy subtypes are prevalent in wild birds, mammals, and live poultry markets.
  • Key molecular features of emerging viruses include Hx receptor binding, Ny inhibitor resistance, and gene segment matching.

Conclusions:

  • Novel reassortant influenza viruses pose significant public health threats.
  • Enhanced understanding of HxNy evolution and molecular traits is essential.
  • Recommendations for prevention, control, and research are provided to mitigate risks.