Recent advances in micro- and nano-bubbles for atherosclerosis applications

Area of Science:

• Bio-nanomedicine
• Cardiovascular Research
• Materials Science

Background:

• Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of global mortality from cardiovascular diseases.
• Micro- and nano-bubbles (MNBs) are emerging as advanced tools for medical applications.
• MNBs are utilized for targeted detection, investigation, and drug delivery in atherosclerotic lesions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the fabrication processes of micro- and nano-bubbles (MNBs).
• To explore the applications of MNBs in bio-nanomedicine for atherosclerosis.
• To highlight the theranostic potential of MNBs in diagnosing and treating atherosclerosis.

Main Methods:

• MNBs are assembled using specific substrates like proteins, lipids, and polymers.
• Surface modifications enable MNBs to carry antibodies, inflammatory markers, or genes.
• Rational design allows for targeted delivery to lipid-rich atherosclerotic sites.

Main Results:

• MNBs function as ultrasound-responsive contrast agents for imaging and guidance.
• Customized MNBs can deliver therapeutic payloads on demand to lesion sites.
• Surface functionalization enhances specificity for atherosclerotic plaque targeting.

Conclusions:

• MNBs represent a promising platform for the theranostic management of atherosclerosis.
• Fabrication and surface modification techniques are key to MNB efficacy.
• MNBs offer a novel approach to improve diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease.