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Related Concept Videos

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the polymer...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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A Facile and Eco-friendly Route to Fabricate PolyLactic Acid Scaffolds with Graded Pore Size
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Recent Progress in Processing Functionally Graded Polymer Foams.

Supitta Suethao1, Darshil U Shah2, Wirasak Smitthipong1,3,4

  • 1Specialized Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials in Agriculture and Industry (RPM), Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functionally graded polymer foams offer enhanced properties like energy absorption. Future research needs generic processes for tailored porosity distribution in these advanced materials.

Keywords:
cellular materialsfunctionally graded structuremicrostructureporous polymersproperty gradient

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Engineering
  • Biomimicry

Background:

  • Polymer foams are widely used in industries like automotive and construction.
  • Most manufactured foams have uniform porosity, unlike natural heterogeneous cellular materials.
  • Functionally graded foams, inspired by nature, offer tailored property gradients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore recent developments in processing functionally graded polymer foams.
  • To highlight emerging structures and properties of these advanced materials.
  • To identify key challenges in achieving controlled porosity distribution.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of key processing parameters for polymer foams.
  • Exploration of diverse processing techniques, from simple surface material variations to complex microfluidics.
  • Analysis of emerging structures and properties resulting from these processes.

Main Results:

  • Functionally graded polymer foams enable enhanced energy absorption and material efficiency.
  • Processing methods range from basic to advanced, influencing foam structure and properties.
  • Specific applications include helmets and tissue scaffolds.

Conclusions:

  • Functionally graded polymer foams represent a key innovation with significant application potential.
  • Developing generic, controllable processes for tailoring porosity is crucial for future research.
  • Achieving application-specific porosity control remains a principal challenge.