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Related Concept Videos

States of Water01:23

States of Water

55.5K
Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
55.5K
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

6.8K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
6.8K
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

47.5K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
47.5K
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

14.3K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
14.3K
Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

52.2K
Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
52.2K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

22.0K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
22.0K

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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

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Connection between liquid and non-crystalline solid phases in water.

Fausto Martelli1, Fabio Leoni2, Francesco Sciortino3

  • 1IBM Research Europe, Hartree Centre, Daresbury WA4 4AD, United Kingdom.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|September 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers used a Neural Network to study water

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Water exhibits anomalous behavior in its supercooled liquid state.
  • This region is experimentally challenging to study, known as 'no-man's land'.
  • Distinct amorphous solid forms (low-density amorphous and high-density amorphous ices) exist.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the microscopic origins of water's anomalies.
  • To explore the connection between amorphous solid states and supercooled liquid water.
  • To understand the behavior in the 'no-man's land' region of the phase diagram.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a Neural Network scheme to analyze local structures.
  • Application of the scheme across a wide range of the water phase diagram.
  • Analysis of structural features beyond simple tetrahedrality.

Main Results:

  • Local structures characteristic of low-density amorphous (LDA) and high-density amorphous (HDA) ices are present in supercooled liquid water.
  • The prevalence of LDA-like structures correlates with regions of maximum thermodynamic fluctuations, linked to water's anomalies.
  • HDA-like structures become dominant at high pressures.

Conclusions:

  • Both LDA and HDA are confirmed as genuine glassy states of water.
  • A microscopic link is established between the non-equilibrium and equilibrium phase diagrams of water.
  • The study provides insights into the structural basis of water's unique properties.