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Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Techniques to Induce and Quantify Cellular Senescence
Published on: May 1, 2017
Induction and transmission of oncogene-induced senescence
Nattaphong Rattanavirotkul1, Kristina Kirschner2, Tamir Chandra3
1Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Ramathibodi Medical School, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 111, Bang Pla, Bang Phli, Samut Prakan, 10540, Thailand. nattaphong.rat@mahidol.ac.th.
Abstract:
Senescence is a cellular stress response triggered by diverse stressors, including oncogene activation, where it serves as a bona-fide tumour suppressor mechanism. Senescence can be transmitted to neighbouring cells, known as paracrine secondary senescence. Secondary senescence was initially described as a paracrine mechanism, but recent evidence suggests a more complex scenario involving juxtacrine communication between cells. In addition, single-cell studies described differences between primary and secondary senescent end-points, which have thus far not been considered functionally distinct. Here we discuss emerging concepts in senescence transmission and heterogeneity in primary and secondary senescence on a cellular and organ level.
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