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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular cells,...
Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

Replicative Cell Senescence

Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds the telomeric...
Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

Replicative Cell Senescence

Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds the telomeric...

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Updated: May 21, 2026

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle
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Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle

Published on: October 26, 2017

Promises of reprogramming-induced rejuvenation.

Daniel J Simpson1, Nida Arif2, Yossawat Suwanlikit3

  • 1Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|May 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reprogramming-induced rejuvenation (RIR) can reverse cellular aging by resetting epigenetic markers without full dedifferentiation. This review explores RIR

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Simple Generation of a High Yield Culture of Induced Neurons from Human Adult Skin Fibroblasts
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Simple Generation of a High Yield Culture of Induced Neurons from Human Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Published on: February 5, 2018

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle
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Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle

Published on: October 26, 2017

Simple Generation of a High Yield Culture of Induced Neurons from Human Adult Skin Fibroblasts
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Simple Generation of a High Yield Culture of Induced Neurons from Human Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Published on: February 5, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Regenerative Medicine
  • Epigenetics and Cellular Reprogramming
  • Biotechnology and Therapeutic Development

Background:

  • Cellular aging is a hallmark of many age-related diseases.
  • Reprogramming-induced rejuvenation (RIR) offers a potential strategy to reverse aging.
  • Current understanding of RIR mechanisms and applications is rapidly evolving.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the molecular mechanisms of RIR.
  • To examine novel technological approaches for implementing RIR.
  • To discuss tissue-specific applications and future clinical translation challenges of RIR.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on reprogramming-induced rejuvenation.
  • Analysis of molecular pathways and epigenetic responses involved in RIR.
  • Evaluation of technological innovations in RIR delivery and factor identification.
  • Assessment of tissue-specific functional restoration and clinical translation hurdles.

Main Results:

  • RIR effectively reverses cellular aging markers across various tissues.
  • New technologies like mRNA and CRISPRa enhance RIR modalities.
  • Functional restoration observed in brain, liver, cardiovascular, and epithelial systems.
  • Challenges remain in therapeutic window, mechanistic understanding, and biomarker standardization.

Conclusions:

  • RIR shows significant promise for treating age-related diseases.
  • Advancements in technology and mechanistic understanding are crucial for clinical translation.
  • Future research directions include single-cell technologies and computational tools for RIR optimization.