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Framing Effects

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
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Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

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Interpreting pragmatic markers following proverbs.

Todd R Ferretti1, Deanna C Hall1, Fadi Mansour1

  • 1Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience.

Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology = Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale
|September 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interpreting "literally" after proverbs is harder than "figuratively." Brain responses show "literally" clashes more with familiar sayings, especially unfamiliar ones.

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Pragmatic markers like 'literally' and 'figuratively' modify meaning.
  • Understanding their interpretation after figurative language is key.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cognitive processing of 'literally' and 'figuratively' following proverbs.
  • To examine how familiarity of proverbs affects the interpretation of these markers.

Main Methods:

  • Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) measured online comprehension costs.
  • An offline sensibility rating task assessed interpretation coherence.

Main Results:

  • N400 potentials indicated 'literally' had lower semantic congruence than 'figuratively'.
  • Late positive potentials revealed greater difficulty resolving incongruent markers after unfamiliar proverbs.
  • Offline ratings showed 'literally' was less sensible, and both markers were more sensible with familiar proverbs.

Conclusions:

  • The interpretation of pragmatic markers is sensitive to context and proverb familiarity.
  • Processing incongruent markers, especially with unfamiliar proverbs, incurs cognitive costs.