Review on material parameters to enhance bone cell function in vitro and in vivo

Bone plays critical roles in support, protection, movement, and metabolism. Although bone has an innate capacity for regeneration, this capacity is limited, and many bone injuries and diseases require intervention. Biomaterials are a critical component of many treatments to restore bone function and include non-resorbable implants to augment bone and resorbable materials to guide regeneration. Biomaterials can vary considerably in their biocompatibility and bioactivity, which are functions of specific material parameters. The success of biomaterials in bone augmentation and regeneration is based on their effects on the function of bone cells. Such functions include adhesion, migration, inflammation, proliferation, communication, differentiation, resorption, and vascularization. This review will focus on how different material parameters can enhance bone cell function both in vitro and in vivo.