Tooth Loss and Dementia: A Critical Examination

Dementia is a major contributor to dependence and disability in older people, with aging societies characterized by growing numbers of people living with the condition. Dementia rates are highest in those with low education early in life, midlife hypertension, midlife hearing loss, depression, obesity, loneliness, a sedentary lifestyle, or sustained exposure to smoking or diabetes. Tooth loss is a putative risk factor for dementia which has received increasing research attention, but systematic review findings are mixed. Three main mechanisms have been proposed, involving 1) tooth loss leading to compromised nutrition and then leading to poorer central nervous system (CNS) function; 2) tooth loss resulting in fewer interocclusal contacts and so less somatosensory feedback to the CNS, leading to impaired cognition; and (3) chronic periodontitis resulting in tooth loss, but not before the inflammation has affected the CNS, impairing cognition. None of these is supported by compelling empirical evidence. Here, we use the life course approach to propose a plausible, empirically supported explanation for the associations between missing teeth and poorer cognitive function in older people. Evidence from longstanding cohort studies demonstrates that the putative association arises from cognitive function much earlier in life, in childhood. People with better childhood cognitive function have better oral health and access to routine dental care as they go through life, losing fewer teeth along the life course. They are also much more likely to have better cognitive function in old age. Their less cognitively able childhood counterparts will experience higher disease rates and poorer access to care, resulting in greater incremental tooth loss. Comparison of the 2 groups at any age from the mid-20s on will show greater numbers of missing teeth in the group who were less cognitively able in childhood. Those differences will be most pronounced in old age.