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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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Technical challenges for FLASH proton therapy.

Simon Jolly1, Hywel Owen2, Marco Schippers3

  • 1University College London, United Kingdom.

Physica Medica : PM : an International Journal Devoted to the Applications of Physics to Medicine and Biology : Official Journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)
|September 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

FLASH radiotherapy, delivering radiation in under a second, shows promise for sparing healthy tissue. Realizing FLASH proton therapy requires overcoming significant technical challenges in accelerator technology and beam delivery systems.

Keywords:
AcceleratorCyclotronFLASHLinacMedical acceleratorPBTProton FLASH therapyProton radiotherapyProton therapySynchro-cyclotronSynchrotronUltra-rapid irradiation

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Accelerator Technology

Background:

  • FLASH radiotherapy, delivering radiation doses in less than one second, is gaining attention for potentially sparing healthy tissues.
  • Pre-clinical studies suggest FLASH radiotherapy preserves its tumor-damaging effects while reducing damage to healthy cells compared to conventional methods.
  • The FLASH effect has also been observed in proton therapy, indicating its potential applicability in this field.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the technical challenges and potential solutions for implementing FLASH proton therapy.
  • To identify key areas for technological advancement required for clinical translation of FLASH proton therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing accelerator technology and beam delivery systems for proton therapy.
  • Analysis of technical requirements for achieving high dose rates and rapid beam scanning.
  • Consideration of hybrid systems incorporating 3D-printed components for dose modulation.

Main Results:

  • Increasing average beam current to over 100 nA is feasible with current technology.
  • Rapid energy adjustments (milliseconds) and significantly faster pencil beam scanning (two orders of magnitude) present major challenges.
  • Hybrid systems with patient-specific range modulators are a likely path to clinical implementation.

Conclusions:

  • Significant advancements in accelerator technology, particularly in beam scanning speeds and dosimetry, are necessary for FLASH proton therapy.
  • Further pre-clinical research is crucial to define the optimal beam parameters for eliciting the FLASH effect.
  • Hybrid systems and continued technological development are key to realizing clinical FLASH proton therapy.