Growth Factors and Small-molecule Compounds in Derivation of Endothelial Lineages from Dental Stem Cells

Incorporating fully assembled microvascular networks into bioengineered dental pulp constructs can significantly enhance functional blood flow and tissue survival upon transplantation. Endothelial cells (ECs), cellular building blocks of vascular tissue, play an essential role in the process of prevascularization. However, obtaining sufficient ECs from a suitable source for translational application is challenging. Dental stem cells (DSCs), which exhibit a robust proliferative ability and immunocompatibility because of their autologous origin, could be a promising alternative cell source for the derivation of endothelial lineages. Under specific culture conditions, DSCs differentiate into osteo/odontogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, and neurogenic cell lineages.

Recently, a new approach has been developed to directly reprogram cells using chemical cocktails and growth factors. Compared with the traditional reprogramming approach based on the forced expression of exogenous transcription factors, the chemical strategy avoids the risk associated with lentiviral transduction while offering a more viable methodology to drive cell lineage switch. The aim of this review was to unveil the concept of the use of small-molecule compounds and growth factors modulating key signaling pathways to derive ECs from DSCs.

In addition, our preliminary study showed that stem cells from the apical papilla could be induced into EC-like cells using small-molecule compounds and growth factors. These EC-like cells expressed endothelial specific genes (CD31 and VEGFR2) and proteins (CD31, VEGF receptor 2, and vascular endothelial cadherin) as well as gave rise to vessel-like tubular structures in vitro.

Our preliminary results suggest that chemical reprogramming might offer a novel way to generate EC-like cells from dental stem cells.