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Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
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Individual differences in the tendency to see the expected.

Nora Andermane1, Jenny M Bosten2, Anil K Seth3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.

Consciousness and Cognition
|September 20, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Prior knowledge aids visual awareness, but the tendency to "see the expected" depends on the specific method used. This effect is linked to attentional control and predicts perceptual abilities.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Prior knowledge significantly influences how visual stimuli are integrated into conscious awareness.
  • Understanding whether the 'seeing the expected' phenomenon is a general cognitive trait or task-specific is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the generalizability of prior knowledge effects on visual awareness.
  • To determine if the tendency to 'see the expected' is method-specific or a general cognitive bias.
  • To explore the relationship between prior knowledge, attentional control, and perceptual abilities.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a binocular rivalry task to assess visual awareness.
  • Manipulated selective attention and induced expectations using various methods: predictive context, imagery, expectancy cues, and perceptual priming.
  • Utilized correlational analyses and factor analysis to examine relationships between variables.

Main Results:

  • Most prior manipulations facilitated awareness of the expected percept in binocular rivalry.
  • Strong signal primes induced adaptation, suppressing awareness of the expected percept.
  • The facilitatory effect of priors on visual awareness correlated with attentional control.
  • Adaptation to strong primes predicted enhanced change detection; weak prime facilitation predicted perceptual anomalies.

Conclusions:

  • The facilitatory impact of prior knowledge on visual awareness appears to be mediated by attentional mechanisms.
  • The tendency to 'see the expected' is not a universal bias but is specific to the methods employed.
  • Expectation-based biases have predictive power for individual differences in perceptual abilities.