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Related Concept Videos

Halogens03:01

Halogens

22.5K
Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group. 
22.5K
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

7.1K
Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
7.1K
ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens01:24

ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens

6.4K
Halogens are ortho–para directors. They are more electronegative than carbon. Therefore, as ring substituents, they can withdraw electrons through the inductive effect and deactivate the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution. Halogens also have an electron-donating resonance effect on the ring, which influences the orientation of the incoming electrophile. If an electrophile attacks at the ortho or the para position, the halogen donates electrons and stabilizes the intermediate...
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Base-Promoted α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones00:51

Base-Promoted α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones

4.0K
α-Halogenation of aldehydes and ketones is a reaction involving the substitution of α hydrogens with halogens in the presence of a base.  The reaction begins with the abstraction of  α hydrogen by the base to produce a nucleophilic enolate ion. This intermediate undergoes a subsequent nucleophilic substitution with the halogen to produce a monohalogenated carbonyl compound. If the starting substrate has more than one α hydrogen, it is difficult to stop the reaction...
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Preparation of Alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation02:34

Preparation of Alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation

17.5K
Introduction
Alkynes can be prepared by dehydrohalogenation of vicinal or geminal dihalides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide in liquid ammonia. The reaction proceeds with the loss of two equivalents of hydrogen halide (HX) via two successive E2 elimination reactions.
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Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

19.2K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
19.2K

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Monitoring the Reductive and Oxidative Half-Reactions of a Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase using Stopped-Flow Spectrophotometry
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Monitoring the Reductive and Oxidative Half-Reactions of a Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase using Stopped-Flow Spectrophotometry

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Flavin-dependent dehalogenases.

Panu Pimviriyakul1, Pimchai Chaiyen2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.

The Enzymes
|September 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flavin-dependent dehalogenases cleave carbon-halogen bonds in pollutants. Understanding these enzymes is key to developing new applications for environmental cleanup and biological processes.

Keywords:
DehalogenationDenitrationFlavin reductasesFlavin-dependent dehalogenasesFlavin-dependent monooxygenasesNon-redox flavin dehalogenasesQuinone reductasesReductive dehalogenases

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Flavin-dependent dehalogenases are enzymes utilizing flavin cofactors to break carbon-halogen bonds in environmental pollutants.
  • Bacteria have evolved metabolic pathways to degrade halogenated compounds, with flavin-dependent enzymes playing a crucial role.
  • These enzymes are also found in higher organisms, such as in human thyroid hormone metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the enzymatic mechanisms of flavin-dependent dehalogenases.
  • To discuss the catalytic properties, substrate scope, and structures of these enzymes.
  • To highlight enzyme engineering and the development of novel applications for dehalogenases.

Main Methods:

  • Classification of flavin-dependent dehalogenases into three types based on reaction mechanisms: O2-utilizing, reductive, and non-redox.
  • Review of reported enzymatic mechanisms and catalytic properties.
  • Discussion of protein structures and substrate scope.

Main Results:

  • Identified three primary classes of flavin-dependent dehalogenases based on their distinct reaction mechanisms.
  • Detailed the catalytic properties, substrate specificities, and structural features of these enzyme classes.
  • Highlighted the evolutionary adaptation of these enzymes in bacteria for pollutant biodegradation.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of flavin-dependent dehalogenase mechanisms is crucial for advancing their applications.
  • Enzyme engineering holds potential for developing novel dehalogenase-based solutions.
  • These enzymes are vital in both environmental remediation and natural biological processes.