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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Mitochondrial transformations in the aging human placenta.

Lucy A Bartho1, Joshua J Fisher2, James S M Cuffe3

  • 1School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia.

American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
|September 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial dynamics in the placenta adapt throughout pregnancy, mirroring age-related changes. These mitochondrial transformations impact placental function, gestational health, and long-term offspring disease risk.

Keywords:
bioenergeticsmitochondrial morphologyplacental agingtrophoblast

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Reproductive Biology

Background:

  • Mitochondria are crucial for cellular homeostasis and implicated in aging via the free radical theory.
  • Mitochondrial networks adapt through fusion, biogenesis, and fission, especially under stress.
  • Mitophagy removes damaged mitochondria, influencing cellular signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mitochondrial adaptations during human gestation.
  • To explore similarities between placental mitochondrial changes and age-related diseases.
  • To discuss the role of mitochondrial dynamics in placental function, pregnancy complications, and later-life chronic disease development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on mitochondrial dynamics in placental aging and gestation.
  • Analysis of mitochondrial adaptions (fusion, fission, biogenesis, mitophagy) in the placenta.
  • Synthesis of evidence linking placental mitochondrial health to fetal development and chronic disease.

Main Results:

  • Placental mitochondria undergo significant transformations throughout gestation.
  • These adaptations share characteristics with age-related mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • Mitochondrial health is critical for placental function and fetal well-being.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial dynamics are key regulators of placental function across gestation.
  • Altered mitochondrial function in the placenta may contribute to gestational complications.
  • Placental mitochondrial changes could influence the offspring's risk for chronic diseases later in life.