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Carrier Generation and Recombination01:22

Carrier Generation and Recombination

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Carrier generation is the process by which electron-hole pairs (EHPs) are created within the semiconductor. In direct-bandgap semiconductors, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), this occurs efficiently when energy absorption prompts valence electrons to leap into the conduction band, leaving behind holes.
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Maximum Power Transfer01:16

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Numerous practical applications within engineering disciplines, such as telecommunications, necessitate optimizing power delivery to a connected load. This pursuit, however, entails inherent internal losses, which can either equal or exceed the power supplied to the load. The Thevenin equivalent circuit is helpful in finding the maximum power a linear circuit can deliver to a load. It is assumed in this context that the load resistance can be adjusted.
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Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit01:20

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In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
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Maximum Power Flow and Line Loadability01:23

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The maximum power flow for lossy transmission lines is derived using ABCD parameters in phasor form. These parameters create a matrix relationship between the sending-end and receiving-end voltages and currents, allowing the determination of the receiving-end current. This relationship facilitates calculating the complex power delivered to the receiving end, from which real and reactive power components are derived.
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The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem01:20

The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

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Consider a linear AC Thevenin equivalent circuit connected to a load impedance.
The load connected draws the current, and the circuit delivers the power to the load. The alternating current flowing through the load is determined using the rectangular form of voltages, currents, network impedance, and load impedance. The average power delivered to the load is obtained from the product of the square of current and load resistance.
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Ampere-Maxwell's Law: Problem-Solving01:17

Ampere-Maxwell's Law: Problem-Solving

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A parallel-plate capacitor with capacitance C, whose plates have area A and separation distance d, is connected to a resistor R and a battery of voltage V. The current starts to flow at t = 0. What is the displacement current between the capacitor plates at time t? From the properties of the capacitor, what is the corresponding real current?
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

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Evolutionary Algorithm Based Capacity Maximization of 5G/B5G Hybrid Pre-Coding Systems.

Salman Khalid1, Waqas Bin Abbas1, Hyung Seok Kim2

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Science, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces an Artificial Bee Colony (BEE) algorithm for hybrid pre-coding in Massive MIMO systems. The BEE-based scheme enhances spectral efficiency without complex interference cancellation, outperforming other methods.

Keywords:
5G/B5G communication systemsachievable rateevolutionary algorithmshybrid pre-codinginterference cancellationmillimeter wavewireless communication systems

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Area of Science:

  • Wireless Communication
  • Signal Processing
  • Optimization Algorithms

Background:

  • Massive MIMO systems face path loss at millimeter wave frequencies.
  • Hybrid pre-coding offers a solution with reduced computational complexity compared to fully connected structures.
  • Improving spectral efficiency is crucial for future 5G/B5G systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the spectral efficiency of partially connected hybrid pre-coding architectures.
  • To propose an evolutionary algorithm for joint computation of RF and digital pre-coders.
  • To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm against existing methods.

Main Methods:

  • Application of the Artificial Bee Colony (BEE) evolutionary algorithm for joint RF and digital pre-coder computation.
  • Evaluation of a partially connected hybrid pre-coding structure.
  • Comparison with successive interference cancellation (SIC) based pre-coding and other evolutionary algorithms.

Main Results:

  • The BEE-based pre-coding scheme significantly improves spectral efficiency.
  • The proposed method achieves higher spectral efficiency than popular evolutionary algorithms and SIC-based schemes.
  • The algorithm demonstrates robustness against variations in channel conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Evolutionary algorithms, specifically the BEE algorithm, are effective for optimizing hybrid pre-coding in Massive MIMO systems.
  • The proposed joint computation approach enhances spectral efficiency in partially connected architectures.
  • The BEE-based scheme provides a promising solution for future wireless communication systems.