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Field Application of Global Positioning System01:28

Field Application of Global Positioning System

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The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become an indispensable tool in fieldwork, offering unparalleled precision and efficiency for surveying, navigation, and infrastructure development. By harnessing signals from a constellation of satellites, GPS receivers determine the location of objects with remarkable speed and accuracy, often completing calculations within a second.Advantages of Modern GPS TechnologyContemporary GPS receivers are designed to meet the practical demands of field...
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Errors in Global Positioning System01:26

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Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has revolutionized navigation and positioning, but its accuracy is often compromised by various errors. These errors, stemming from environmental, satellite, and receiver-related factors, require careful mitigation to ensure reliable performance across applications.Atmospheric ErrorsGPS signals travel through the Earth’s ionosphere and troposphere, introducing delays which affect accuracy. The ionosphere is strongly influenced by charged particles,...
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Design Example: Identifying the Locations of Monuments in the Field Using Global Positioning System Device01:30

Design Example: Identifying the Locations of Monuments in the Field Using Global Positioning System Device

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Surveyors use Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to measure the precise location and elevation of points on Earth. In a recent survey, GPS receivers were used to determine the coordinates and elevations of two park monuments. The process involved careful mission planning, data collection, and correction to ensure accuracy. The survey began with mission planning to identify optimal satellite visibility and minimize Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP). A geodetic control point...
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Types of Global Positioning System Surveys01:30

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GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...
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Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors01:17

Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors

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A survey team is tasked with determining the elevation difference between points Point A and Point B, separated by uneven terrain. They use a leveling instrument and a leveling rod.Common MistakesMisreading the Rod: During a backsight reading at Point A, the instrumentman observes the rod partially obscured by tall grass. Instead of reading 1.135 m, they mistakenly record 1.735 m due to the misalignment of the crosshair with the wrong graduation. This error adds 0.600 m to all subsequent...
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Light Acquisition02:16

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In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses
06:55

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Accuracy and Precision Assessment of AoA-Based Indoor Positioning Systems Using Infrastructure Lighting and a

Álvaro De-La-Llana-Calvo1, David Salido-Monzú2, José-Luis Lázaro-Galilea1

  • 1Department of Electronics, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid, Spain.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces an optical indoor positioning system (IPS) using a Position-Sensitive Detector (PSD) and illumination infrastructure for Angle of Arrival (AoA) measurements. It achieves millimeter-level accuracy for indoor positioning applications.

Keywords:
Angle of Arrival (AoA)Indoor Positioning System (IPS)Position Sensitive Detector (PSD)Visible Light Positioning (VLP)accuracyprecision

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Area of Science:

  • Robotics and Automation
  • Sensor Technology
  • Geomatics Engineering

Background:

  • Existing indoor positioning systems (IPS) lack a universally superior technology.
  • IPS performance is highly dependent on application-specific requirements and measurement technologies.
  • Optical methods offer a promising avenue for precise indoor localization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel optical indoor positioning system (IPS) utilizing a Position-Sensitive Detector (PSD).
  • To leverage existing illumination infrastructure for Angle of Arrival (AoA) measurements.
  • To evaluate different positioning strategies based on emitter visibility and available information.

Main Methods:

  • An optical IPS employing a PSD and Angle of Arrival (AoA) measurements from illumination sources.
  • Integration of various positioning strategies contingent on the number of visible emitters and prior scenario knowledge.
  • Experimental validation using high-end geodetic equipment for ground truth establishment in a controlled environment.

Main Results:

  • Achieved an average positioning error of 8.2 mm with one emitter and known target orientation.
  • Obtained an average positioning error of 9.4 mm with two emitters for planar movement without prior information.
  • Demonstrated a 4.9 cm average positioning error for complete 3D pose estimation using four emitters.
  • Attained precision (2σ) better than 5.9 mm across the test space with a 10 ms integration time.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed optical IPS offers a viable, cost-effective solution for indoor positioning requiring fast and reliable centimeter-level accuracy.
  • The system effectively utilizes smart illumination infrastructure for precise localization.
  • The adaptable strategies allow for robust performance under varying conditions and information availability.