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Crenarchaeota, a prominent phylum of Archaea, is remarkable for its ability to thrive in extreme environments characterized by high temperatures and acidity. These microorganisms inhabit sulfuric hot springs, volcanic systems, and submarine hydrothermal vents, where temperatures often exceed 100°C. The unique adaptations of Crenarchaeota not only allow survival under such extreme conditions but also provide insights into the mechanisms of life in primordial Earth-like...
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Hyperthermophilic archaea are a group of extremophiles thriving at temperatures above 80°C, often in hydrothermal vents and volcanic soils where conditions surpass the boiling point of water. At such temperatures, proteins, membranes, and DNA in most organisms degrade, but hyperthermophiles have evolved remarkable adaptations to maintain stability and function.Unique Cellular FeaturesHyperthermophilic membranes are composed of a monolayer of biphytanyl tetraether lipids, which resist...
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The nucleoid represents a structurally and functionally distinct region within prokaryotic cells, where the cell's DNA and associated proteins are housed. Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus, and the nucleoid facilitates the organization and accessibility of the genetic material within this constraint. The DNA in most bacteria and archaea exists as a single, circular, double-stranded molecule that is highly compacted through supercoiling and interactions with...
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Archaeal viruses play a crucial role in the ecosystems of extremophilic archaea, particularly those belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. By shaping host evolution and facilitating gene transfer, these viruses influence microbial communities and contribute to genetic diversity in extreme environments. The archaea they infect thrive in acidic hot springs and hydrothermal vents characterized by high temperatures and low pH. Archaeal viruses exhibit remarkable structural...
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Archaea, one of the three domains of life, exhibit remarkable diversity and adaptability, thriving in both extreme and moderate environments. Historically, most identified archaea have been classified into two major phyla: Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. However, recent molecular studies have expanded this classification to include three additional phyla: Thaumarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, and Korarchaeota, each exhibiting unique characteristics and ecological roles.Thaumarchaeota: Mesophiles...
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G-Quadruplexes in the Archaea Domain.

Václav Brázda1, Yu Luo2, Martin Bartas3

  • 1Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.

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Unusual DNA structures called G-quadruplexes (G4s) are found in all archaea. Their distribution varies greatly, with some species having abundant G4 sequences, suggesting roles in non-coding RNA regulation.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Unusual DNA structures, particularly G-quadruplexes (G4s), are increasingly recognized for their regulatory roles in cellular processes.
  • G4s have been identified across viral, bacterial, and eukaryotic genomes, including human.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct the first systematic search for G-quadruplex forming sequences in all available archaeal genomes.
  • To investigate the presence, location, and distribution patterns of G4-forming sequences within the archaeal domain.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the G4Hunter algorithm for the identification of G-quadruplex forming sequences.
  • Performed a comprehensive analysis across all archaeal genomes available in the NCBI database.

Main Results:

  • G4-forming sequences were detected in all archaeal species analyzed.
  • Significant variations in G4 sequence frequency were observed, ranging from 0.037 to 15.31 per kb.
  • G4 sequences were exceptionally abundant in *Hadesarchaea archeon* and rare in *Parvarchaeota*, with non-random distribution and over-representation in non-coding RNA.

Conclusions:

  • G-quadruplexes are a conserved feature across archaea, albeit with highly variable frequencies.
  • The non-random distribution, particularly in non-coding RNA, suggests potential regulatory functions for G4s in archaea.
  • These findings highlight the unique genomic landscape of G-quadruplexes in Archaea.