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Related Concept Videos

Turbulent Flow01:24

Turbulent Flow

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Turbulent flow is characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in velocity and pressure, which result in a chaotic fluid movement distinct from the orderly patterns of laminar flow. While laminar flow is governed by smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing, turbulent flow exhibits highly irregular, three-dimensional patterns. This behavior arises due to instabilities in the fluid's velocity profile, and amplifies as the flow velocity increases. Minor disturbances, known as turbulent...
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Laminar and Turbulent Flow01:07

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Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Velocity vectors are often used to illustrate fluid motion in applications like meteorology. For example, wind—the fluid motion of air in the atmosphere—can be represented by vectors indicating the speed and direction of the wind at any given point on a map. Another method for representing fluid motion is a streamline. A streamline represents the path of a small volume of fluid as it flows. When the flow pattern changes with time, the...
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Any fluid in a horizontal tube can flow due to pressure differences—fluid flows from high to low pressure. The flow rate (Q) is the ratio of pressure difference and resistance through a horizontal tube. The greater the pressure difference, the higher the flow rate. The flow resistance is expressed as:
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Blood Flow01:29

Blood Flow

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Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.
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Autoregulation of Blood Flow01:17

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Autoregulation mechanisms are characterized by their inherent capacity for self-regulation without necessitating specific nervous stimulation or endocrine control. These mechanisms facilitate the adjustment of blood flow and, therefore, perfusion specific to each tissue region. This self-regulation encompasses chemical signals and myogenic controls.
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Fluid flows are categorized by dimensionality and behavior, with one-dimensional flow being the simplest form, where properties like velocity and pressure change only along a single axis. Water moving through straight pipes exemplifies this flow type, as variations in other directions are minimal. One-dimensional analysis helps simplify understanding such flows, focusing solely on changes along the pipe's length.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 8, 2025

In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling
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In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling

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Physiologic blood flow is turbulent.

Khalid M Saqr1, Simon Tupin2, Sherif Rashad3,4

  • 1Biomedical Flow Dynamics Laboratory (Ohta-Lab), Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan. k.saqr@tohoku.ac.jp.

Scientific Reports
|September 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Physiologic blood flow exhibits turbulence, challenging the laminar flow assumption. This finding, supported by chaos theory and fluid dynamics, suggests a new understanding of vascular hemodynamics and related diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Biophysics
  • Cardiovascular Science

Background:

  • Current vascular hemodynamics models assume laminar blood flow.
  • Turbulence is linked to diseases like atherosclerosis, stenosis, and aneurysms.
  • Previous studies detected turbulence in intracranial aneurysms at low Reynolds numbers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the origins of the assumption of laminar physiologic blood flow.
  • To test the hypothesis that blood flow dynamics in arteries inherently cause turbulence.
  • To explore the existence of turbulence in physiologic blood flow.

Main Methods:

  • Applied chaos theory, hydrodynamic stability theory, and fluid dynamics.
  • Utilized Womersley's exact solution of the Navier-Stokes equation.
  • Analyzed flow waveforms from the HaeMod database and Doppler ultrasound measurements.

Main Results:

  • Physiologic blood flow exhibits three key turbulence characteristics: sensitivity to initial conditions, global hydrodynamic instability, and non-Kolmogorov kinetic energy cascade.
  • Evidence supports turbulence in blood flow described by the Navier-Stokes equation and observed in vivo.
  • Findings challenge the traditional view of laminar blood flow.

Conclusions:

  • Physiologic blood flow is inherently turbulent, not laminar.
  • Proposes a novel modification to vascular hemodynamics theory.
  • Calls for rethinking hemodynamic-biologic links in health and disease.