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Updated: Dec 8, 2025

Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework
Published on: July 24, 2016
Global protected-area coverage and human pressure on tidal flats.
Narelle K Hill1, Bradley K Woodworth1, Stuart R Phinn2
1School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
Globally, 31% of tidal flats are in protected areas (PAs), exceeding marine and terrestrial coverage. However, PA status alone doesn't prevent habitat loss, especially in Asia, highlighting the need for better coastal management.
Area of Science:
- Coastal Ecology
- Conservation Science
- Remote Sensing
Background:
- Tidal flats are vital coastal ecosystems supporting biodiversity and ecosystem services.
- Rapid tidal habitat loss due to human impacts is documented, yet conservation progress is unassessed.
- Global data on tidal flat distribution and change is now available.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess tidal flat representation within protected areas (PAs).
- To evaluate human pressure on global tidal flats.
- To analyze changes in tidal flat extent within PAs.
Main Methods:
- Spatially overlaying tidal flat maps with the World Database of Protected Areas.
- Overlaying tidal flat distribution maps with a human modification index (HMc).
- Analyzing net change in tidal flat extent within PAs from 1999 to 2016.
Main Results:
- 31% of current tidal flats are within PAs, surpassing marine (6%) and terrestrial (13%) coverage.
- 68% of tidal flats face moderate to very high human pressure (HMc > 0.1).
- Net change inside PAs mirrored changes outside PAs; Asia shows significant losses within PAs under high pressure.
Conclusions:
- Substantial progress in PA designation for tidal flats globally.
- PA status alone is insufficient to prevent habitat loss.
- Effective coastal and catchment management strategies are crucial for tidal flat conservation.
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