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Related Concept Videos

Bias01:22

Bias

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
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The halo effect is a cognitive bias in which an individual's overall impression influences judgments about their specific traits. This psychological phenomenon leads people to associate positive characteristics with those they perceive as generally good and negative characteristics with those they view as bad. This effect is particularly influential in social perception, professional evaluations, and decision-making processes.The Psychological Basis of the Halo EffectThe halo effect is rooted...
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Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
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Parental Bias Has Benefits.

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Parent-of-origin-dependent expression is consistent across different brain cell types. However, astrocytes show a unique sensitivity to changes in imprinted gene dosage.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Parent-of-origin-dependent expression, also known as genomic imprinting, plays a crucial role in mammalian development.
  • Understanding the cell-type specificity of imprinted gene expression is essential for deciphering its functional significance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the homogeneity of parent-of-origin-dependent expression across diverse cortical cell types.
  • To determine if specific cell populations exhibit differential sensitivity to alterations in imprinted gene dosage.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gene expression patterns in various cortical cell types.
  • Assessment of the impact of altered imprinted loci dosage on cellular function.

Main Results:

  • Parent-of-origin-dependent expression was found to be homogeneous across distinct cortical cell types and within individual cell populations.
  • Astrocytes demonstrated a preferential sensitivity to altered doses of imprinted loci compared to other cell types.

Conclusions:

  • Genomic imprinting is uniformly regulated across different neuronal and glial cell types in the cortex.
  • Astrocytes represent a vulnerable cell population to perturbations in imprinted gene dosage, suggesting a specialized role for imprinting in these cells.