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Orthohantaviruses, Emerging Zoonotic Pathogens.

Emmanuel Kabwe1,2, Yuriy Davidyuk1, Anton Shamsutdinov1

  • 1Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
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Summary

Orthohantaviruses cause emerging infections like hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). This review analyzes Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV) genetic diversity in Eurasia, driven by host adaptation and mutations, aiding HFRS prevention.

Keywords:
HFRS and HPSPuumala orthohantavirusemerginghantavirus pulmonary syndromehemorrhagic fever with renal syndromenephropathia epidemicareassortmentrecombinationzoonosis

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Orthohantaviruses are emerging zoonotic viruses responsible for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the Americas.
  • Rodent populations act as natural hosts and reservoirs for these viruses, with their migration and adaptation influencing viral distribution and genetic diversity.
  • Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV) is a significant cause of HFRS in Eurasia, necessitating a deeper understanding of its evolutionary dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive analysis of orthohantavirus distribution and circulation within Eurasia.
  • To address the genetic diversity and evolutionary patterns of Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV) in the region.
  • To inform the development of optimized preventive strategies for HFRS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on orthohantavirus distribution, circulation, and genetic data in Eurasia.
  • Analysis of factors influencing viral genetic diversity, including host geographical location, migration, and environmental adaptation.
  • Examination of genomic characteristics of PUUV, focusing on point mutations and reassortment events.

Main Results:

  • Orthohantaviruses exhibit significant genetic diversity, influenced by the geographical location and migration patterns of their rodent hosts.
  • The Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV) genome displays particularly high divergence compared to other orthohantaviruses.
  • High genomic diversity in orthohantaviruses is primarily attributed to point mutations and segment reassortment, though its link to disease severity remains unclear.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding orthohantavirus genetic diversity is crucial for comprehending their epidemiology and evolution in Eurasia.
  • Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV) evolution is shaped by host-environment interactions, leading to significant genetic divergence.
  • Further research into the relationship between viral diversity and HFRS severity is needed to enhance preventive strategies against this high-mortality zoonosis.