Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 7, 2025
08:43
Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
Published on: January 19, 2016
10.6K
Octanitropyrazolopyrazole: a gem-trinitromethyl based green high-density energetic oxidizer
Khaja Mohammad1, Vikranth Thaltiri1, Nagarjuna Kommu1
1Advanced Center of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India. nagarjunakommu@gmail.com.
Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|September 25, 2020
Summary
Researchers developed a new green oxidizer, octanitropyrazolopyrazole (ONPP), as a potential replacement for ammonium perchlorate (AP) in propellants. ONPP offers high energy and density, addressing environmental concerns in propellant technology.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Chemical Engineering
- Energetic Materials
Background:
- Growing environmental concerns necessitate alternatives to traditional ammonium perchlorate (AP) based oxidizers in composite propellants.
- Ammonium perchlorate poses environmental challenges, driving research into greener energetic materials.
- The development of sustainable and high-performance energetic materials is crucial for advanced propellant applications.
Purpose of the Study:
- To synthesize and characterize a novel, environmentally friendly energetic oxidizer.
- To evaluate the potential of octanitropyrazolopyrazole (ONPP) as a replacement for ammonium perchlorate (AP).
- To assess the performance metrics including specific impulse, density, and thermal stability of the new compound.
Main Methods:
- Synthesis of octanitropyrazolopyrazole (ONPP) through a multi-step chemical process.
- Comprehensive characterization including spectroscopic and thermal analysis.
- Performance evaluation through calculation of specific impulse and measurement of density and thermal stability.
Main Results:
- Successful synthesis and characterization of octanitropyrazolopyrazole (ONPP).
- ONPP exhibits a high specific impulse of 256 s.
- The compound demonstrates a high density of 1.997 g cm-3 and good thermal stability up to 160 °C.
Conclusions:
- Octanitropyrazolopyrazole (ONPP) is a promising green energetic oxidizer.
- ONPP's properties suggest it can effectively replace ammonium perchlorate (AP) in composite propellants.
- This research contributes to the development of environmentally sustainable and high-performance energetic materials.
Related Concept Videos
01:11ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –NH2, –OCH3
7.0K
All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
7.0K
01:13meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –CO2R, –COR, –CO2H
6.3K
All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
6.3K
02:44Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide
12.2K
Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
12.2K
01:19Nitrosation of Enols
7.6K
The nitrosation reaction is one of the methods of preparing 1,2-diketones. The enol tautomer of the starting ketone reacts with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid, generating the 1,2-diketone after hydrolysis.
7.6K
02:21Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate
15.6K
Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
15.6K
03:00Preparation of Epoxides
8.8K
Overview
Epoxides result from alkene oxidation, which can be achieved by a) air, b) peroxy acids, c) hypochlorous acids, and d) halohydrin cyclization.
Epoxidation with Peroxy Acids
Epoxidation of alkenes via oxidation with peroxy acids involves the conversion of a carbon–carbon double bond to an epoxide using the oxidizing agent meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, commonly known as MCPBA. Since the O–O bond of peroxy acids is very weak, the addition of electrophilic oxygen of peroxy acids to...
Epoxides result from alkene oxidation, which can be achieved by a) air, b) peroxy acids, c) hypochlorous acids, and d) halohydrin cyclization.
Epoxidation with Peroxy Acids
Epoxidation of alkenes via oxidation with peroxy acids involves the conversion of a carbon–carbon double bond to an epoxide using the oxidizing agent meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, commonly known as MCPBA. Since the O–O bond of peroxy acids is very weak, the addition of electrophilic oxygen of peroxy acids to...
8.8K