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Cell shape changes during larval body plan development in Clytia hemisphaerica.

Yulia Kraus1, Sandra Chevalier2, Evelyn Houliston2

  • 1Department of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/12, 119234, Moscow, Russia; Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, Moscow, 119334, Russia.

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Summary

Cnidarian gastrulation in Clytia hemisphaerica involves unipolar cell ingression, where cells transition from epithelial to mesenchymal states to form the endoderm and shape the embryo. This contrasts with other cnidarians, highlighting evolutionary plasticity in development.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cellular Morphology
  • Evolutionary Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Cnidarian planula larvae exhibit radial symmetry and a two-layered epithelial structure (ectoderm and endoderm).
  • Gastrulation, the process of forming these layers, varies significantly across cnidarian species.
  • Clytia hemisphaerica utilizes unipolar cell ingression, involving epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), contrasting with Nematostella vectensis's cell sheet invagination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying gastrulation in the hydrozoan Clytia hemisphaerica.
  • To detail the successive cell morphology changes during planula larva formation.
  • To correlate morphological changes with gene expression patterns during gastrulation.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed characterization of cell morphology using Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy.
  • Confocal imaging to track cell behaviors and spatial organization.
  • Integration of morphological data with gene expression analysis of key regulatory and marker genes.

Main Results:

  • Reconstruction of the morphogenetic cascade, including blastoderm epithelialization, EMT via bottle cell formation, cell ingression, migration, intercalation, and endoderm formation.
  • Identification of distinct domains of cell morphology changes corresponding to specific developmental stages.
  • Correlation of these morphological events with the expression patterns of selected genes involved in gastrulation.

Conclusions:

  • Unipolar cell ingression in Clytia not only forms the endoderm but also generates internal forces crucial for embryonic shaping.
  • The study provides a detailed cellular understanding of morphogenesis in Clytia gastrulation.
  • Findings contribute to understanding the evolutionary diversity of gastrulation strategies in cnidarians.