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Updated: Dec 7, 2025

A Combinatorial Single-cell Approach to Characterize the Molecular and Immunophenotypic Heterogeneity of Human Stem and Progenitor Populations
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Injected cells provide a valuable complement to cell-free systems for analysis of gene expression.

J B Gurdon1, K Javed1, M H Wen1

  • 1Wellcome Trust, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QN, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QN, United Kingdom.

Experimental Cell Research
|September 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Cell injection allows studying molecular functions within a cell's natural environment, maintaining normal component concentrations. This method enhances understanding of DNA transcription and protein synthesis, revealing stable transcription factor binding dynamics.

Keywords:
Transcription factorsXenopus oocyte

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cell-free systems offer a controlled environment for analyzing cellular component functions.
  • Achieving physiological concentrations of cellular components in cell-free systems is challenging.
  • Investigating molecular functions within a native cellular context remains crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the advantages of purified molecule injection into living cells.
  • To present cell injection as a complementary approach to cell-free systems.
  • To discuss the implications for analyzing cellular component function and dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies employing purified molecule injection into living cells.
  • Comparison of cell injection techniques with traditional cell-free systems.
  • Analysis of data from DNA transcription and messenger RNA injection experiments.

Main Results:

  • Cell injection maintains physiological concentrations of cellular components, unlike cell-free systems.
  • Demonstrated efficiency and long duration of DNA transcription by RNA polymerase II via injection.
  • Successful protein synthesis achieved through purified messenger RNA injection.
  • Revealed long-term transcription factor residence on DNA/chromatin, a novel finding.

Conclusions:

  • Cell injection provides a superior method for studying molecular functions in a native cellular environment.
  • This technique offers new insights into gene expression regulation, including transcription factor dynamics.
  • Revisiting the concept of stable transcription factor binding during the cell cycle.