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Related Concept Videos

Normal Strain under Axial Loading

Normal Strain under Axial Loading

Normal strain under axial loading is an important concept in the field of mechanics of materials. Axial loading implies the application of a force along the axis of a material, like a column or bar. This force can either compress or stretch the material. In the context of axial loading, normal strain is the deformation experienced by the material in the direction of the loading force. It's calculated as the change in length divided by the original length of the material. This unitless ratio...

Shearing Stress

Shearing Stress

Shearing stress, denoted by the Greek letter tau (τ), is stress caused by forces acting transversely on an object. These forces create internal ones within the entity in the plane where the external forces are applied. The resultant of these internal forces is the shear in the section.
The average shearing stress can be calculated by dividing the shear by the area of the cross-section.

Shearing Strain

Shearing Strain

The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between the...

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Studying Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mice

Studying Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mice

Published on: August 2, 2024

Mean Shearing Stroke Frequency of Orthodontic Brackets under Cycling Loading: An In Vitro Study.

Orhan Cicek¹, Nurhat Ozkalayci¹, Mehmet Yetmez²

¹Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, 67600 Zonguldak, Turkey.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|September 30, 2020

Summary

This study found that the Transbond™ XT etch-and-rinse adhesive provided significantly higher shear bonding strength for orthodontic brackets compared to Transbond™ Plus self-etching-primer. Bracket type also influenced bonding strength.

Keywords:

acid-etching bonding cycling loading orthodontic bracket orthodontics self-etching stroke

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Published on: July 24, 2018

Area of Science:

Orthodontics
Biomaterials Science
Dental Adhesives

Background:

Orthodontic bracket bonding strength is crucial for successful treatment.
Advancements in adhesive systems and bonding techniques necessitate ongoing evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the shear bonding strength of different orthodontic bracket types and bonding agents under cyclic loading.
To determine the mean shearing stroke frequency of bracket failures for various adhesive systems.

Main Methods:

Ten orthodontic bracket types from four brands were tested using two adhesives: Transbond™ XT (etch-and-rinse) and Transbond™ Plus (self-etching-primer).
Cyclic loading at 10-N force, 300 mm/min crosshead speed, and 40 cycles/min was applied.
Failure frequency was analyzed using independent sample t-tests and one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05).

Main Results:

Statistically significant differences in shear bonding strength were observed based on adhesive type and bracket type (p < 0.05).
The Transbond™ XT etch-and-rinse group demonstrated significantly higher shear bonding strength than the Transbond™ Plus group.
Different bracket types exhibited varying shear bonding strengths, irrespective of brand.

Conclusions:

All tested bracket types are compatible with both bonding techniques evaluated.
For ceramic brackets, utilizing the self-etching primer adhesive technique is recommended to mitigate hard tissue damage risks.