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Arctic winter clouds formed due to unusual warm air intrusion. This event led to significant tropopause lifting and stratospheric cooling, creating conditions for polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs).

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Cloud Physics
  • Arctic Meteorology

Background:

  • Arctic winter 2015/16 experienced unusual atmospheric conditions, including warm, humid subtropical air masses reaching high latitudes.
  • These intrusions significantly impacted the tropopause height and stratospheric temperatures, creating unique cloud formation environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the complex cloud formations in the Arctic winter 2015/16.
  • To investigate the role of atmospheric dynamics, such as warm air advection and mountain waves, in PSC formation.
  • To evaluate the capability of the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System (IFS) in reproducing these phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Superposition of space-borne lidar observations and high-resolution temperature fields from the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System (IFS).
  • Analysis of meteorological data during a specific event in late December 2015 involving subtropical air mass intrusion.
  • Examination of cloud formation, including cirrus and polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), and mountain wave excitation.

Main Results:

  • Unusual northeastward propagation of warm, humid air masses at 80°N caused a tropopause lift of over 3 km in 24 hours and large-scale stratospheric cooling.
  • Widespread cirrus clouds formed near the tropopause, and polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) developed as temperatures dropped below critical thresholds.
  • Mountain waves generated mesoscale ice PSCs, particularly near Svalbard.

Conclusions:

  • The ECMWF IFS, with an 8 km global horizontal resolution, accurately reproduces large-scale and mesoscale atmospheric flow features.
  • The model demonstrates remarkable agreement with space-borne observations regarding wave structures and cloud formation.
  • The study highlights the complex interplay of dynamics and thermodynamics in Arctic cloud formation, particularly PSCs.