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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

9.8K
Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
9.8K
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

2.0K
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

3.1K
Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
3.1K
Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

1.4K
An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
1.4K
Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

2.5K
Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
2.5K
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

29.0K
Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
29.0K

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Routine Collection of High-Resolution cryo-EM Datasets Using 200 KV Transmission Electron Microscope
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A 23-Year Severe Hail Climatology Using GridRad MESH Observations.

Elisa M Murillo1, Cameron R Homeyer1, John T Allen2

  • 1School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma.

Monthly Weather Review
|April 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Severe hailfall analysis using improved radar data reveals two high-frequency hail regions, the Great Plains and Gulf Coast, differing from previous hail report limitations. This updated hail climatology enhances accuracy and spatial understanding.

Keywords:
ClimatologyDeep convectionHailRadars/Radar observationsRemote sensing

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Meteorology
  • Climatology

Background:

  • Hail report databases have significant biases in size, time, and location, limiting severe hailfall characteristic assessments.
  • Previous studies relied on Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) or reanalysis data, often using limited temporal scales and older versions of the maximum expected size of hail (MESH) parameter.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify severe hailfall characteristics over a 23-year period using improved MESH calculations and reanalysis data.
  • To develop a corrected hailfall climatology that addresses biases in observational data and accounts for hail reaching the ground.

Main Methods:

  • Applied an improved MESH configuration to the GridRad archive (1995-2017) of hourly radar observations.
  • Incorporated environmental constraints from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (M2), to filter MESH distributions.
  • Analyzed spatial, diurnal, and seasonal patterns of severe hailfall.

Main Results:

  • The MESH-only method identified two high-frequency hail regions: the Great Plains and the Gulf Coast, unlike the single maximum from hail reports.
  • The environmentally filtered MESH climatology showed better agreement with hail report characteristics (frequency, location, timing).
  • Diagnosed hail days increased, and the spatial maximum in the Great Plains broadened westward compared to hail reports.

Conclusions:

  • Improved MESH calculations combined with environmental filtering provide a more accurate severe hailfall climatology.
  • This method corrects for biases in hail reports and reveals a more comprehensive spatial and temporal distribution of severe hail.
  • The findings highlight the importance of advanced radar data and reanalysis for understanding severe weather phenomena.