Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Condensins02:15

Condensins

4.3K
Condensins are large protein complexes that use ATP to fuel the assembly of chromosomes during mitosis. They transform the tangled, shapeless mass of post-interphase DNA into individualized chromosomes by compacting, organizing, and segregating chromosomal DNA.
The plant and animal cells contain two types of condensin complexes—condensin I and condensin II. Both complexes have five subunits: two SMC (Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes) subunits, a kleisin subunit, and two HEAT-repeat...
4.3K
Protein Folding01:22

Protein Folding

125.2K
Overview
125.2K
Protein Folding01:25

Protein Folding

10.4K
Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to its biological function. Interactions between its constituent amino acids guide protein folding, and hence the protein structure is primarily dependent on its amino acid sequence.
Protein Structure Is Critical to Its Biological Function
Proteins perform a wide range of biological functions such as catalyzing chemical reactions, providing...
10.4K
Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane

6.1K
The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
In eukaryotes, the translocon complex comprises a core heterotrimeric translocator channel called the Sec61 complex. This channel includes three transmembrane proteins, Sec61α, Sec61β, and Sec61γ, and is the largest subunit of the...
6.1K
The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

37.5K
DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with...
37.5K
Mechanisms of Membrane-bending01:15

Mechanisms of Membrane-bending

3.1K
The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
Membrane bending can happen due to intrinsic changes in lipid composition or extrinsic association with different proteins. The proteins involved...
3.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Substrate accessibility regulation of human TopIIa decatenation by cohesin.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Condensin II activation by M18BP1.

Molecular cell·2025
Same author

Structural insights into distinct mechanisms of RNA polymerase II and III recruitment to snRNA promoters.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Molecular mechanism of condensin I activation by KIF4A.

The EMBO journal·2024
Same author

RAGE engagement by SARS-CoV-2 enables monocyte infection and underlies COVID-19 severity.

Cell reports. Medicine·2023
Same author

Condensin pinches a short negatively supercoiled DNA loop during each round of ATP usage.

The EMBO journal·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Studying DNA Looping by Single-Molecule FRET
11:27

Studying DNA Looping by Single-Molecule FRET

Published on: June 28, 2014

15.7K

Condensin complexes: understanding loop extrusion one conformational change at a time.

Erin E Cutts1, Alessandro Vannini1,2

  • 1Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, U.K.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|October 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Structural Maintenance of Chromosome (SMC) proteins, condensin and cohesin, organize DNA. This review details condensin

Keywords:
DNA bindingSMCchromosomescondensinsingle-moleculestructural biology

More Related Videos

Analyzing and Building Nucleic Acid Structures with 3DNA
16:24

Analyzing and Building Nucleic Acid Structures with 3DNA

Published on: April 26, 2013

21.0K
Single-Molecule Imaging of EWS-FLI1 Condensates Assembling on DNA
07:05

Single-Molecule Imaging of EWS-FLI1 Condensates Assembling on DNA

Published on: September 8, 2021

2.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 7, 2025

Studying DNA Looping by Single-Molecule FRET
11:27

Studying DNA Looping by Single-Molecule FRET

Published on: June 28, 2014

15.7K
Analyzing and Building Nucleic Acid Structures with 3DNA
16:24

Analyzing and Building Nucleic Acid Structures with 3DNA

Published on: April 26, 2013

21.0K
Single-Molecule Imaging of EWS-FLI1 Condensates Assembling on DNA
07:05

Single-Molecule Imaging of EWS-FLI1 Condensates Assembling on DNA

Published on: September 8, 2021

2.6K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Chromatin Structure and Dynamics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Condensin and cohesin are key Structural Maintenance of Chromosome (SMC) proteins involved in chromatin regulation.
  • Both complexes are known to extrude DNA loops, suggesting a conserved mechanism of action.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for comprehending genome organization and cell division.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent in vitro studies on condensin complexes, focusing on DNA loop extrusion and protein structure.
  • To compare condensin and cohesin mechanisms to propose a unified model of DNA loop formation.
  • To discuss the functional differences between various condensin isoforms in higher eukaryotes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on in vitro biochemical assays characterizing condensin function.
  • Comparative analysis of structural and functional data for condensin and cohesin complexes.
  • Examination of studies detailing the distinct properties of different condensin isoforms.

Main Results:

  • Condensin complexes actively extrude DNA loops through characterized in vitro mechanisms.
  • Structural studies reveal insights into the protein architecture facilitating DNA binding and translocation.
  • Similarities with cohesin suggest a conserved SMC protein mechanism for loop extrusion, while isoform-specific differences highlight specialized roles.

Conclusions:

  • Condensin's DNA loop extrusion mechanism is increasingly well-defined through in vitro reconstitution.
  • A conserved mechanism likely underlies loop extrusion by both condensin and cohesin, despite distinct biological roles.
  • Isoform diversity in condensin contributes to the complex regulation of chromatin structure in higher eukaryotes.