Kefiran ameliorates malfunctions in primary and functional immune cells caused by lipopolysaccharides

Kefiran is a water-soluble polysaccharide well recognized as a bioactive ingredient to enhance nutritional and health-promoting features. Also, some therapeutic properties have made this macromolecule an active ingredient in ointments and oral anti-inflammatory drugs. However, the details of the molecular and cellular aspects of these effects have not been addressed. In this study, lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced monocytes, lymphocytes, and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) as representative cells for both innate and adaptive immunity were treated with kefiran for 2 h. Kefiran had an anti-inflammatory effect on monocytes to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1 β (IL-1β) & tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), as well as nuclear factor kappa b (NF-kb). However, it did not affect lymphocytes. Overexpression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in LPS-induced cells was not reduced after kefiran treatment. Kefiran balanced MDDCs secretion of pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines by reducing and enhancing the expression of IL-1β and interleukin 10 (IL-10), respectively. Also, kefiran decreased the number of apoptotic immature MDDCs and promoted dose-dependent phagocytosis capacity of MDDCs. According to the results of the current study, it may be concluded that the immunomodulatory effects of kefiran are due to antagonist against innate immune receptors especially TLR4. The results of this study can be used as a guide to developing kefiran-based non-aggressive anti-inflammatory drugs. Furthermore, understanding the immunobiological effects of kefiran on monocytes and lymphocytes was another outcome of this study.