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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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[Long Non-Coding RNAs as Competitive Endogenous RNAs in Osteosarcoma].

N E Kushlinskii1, M V Fridman2, E A Braga3,4,5

  • 1Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478 Russia.

Molekuliarnaia Biologiia
|October 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate gene expression through the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism, impacting osteosarcoma development. Understanding these lncRNA interactions offers new diagnostic and prognostic markers for bone cancer.

Keywords:
competitive endogenous RNAslong non-coding RNAsmiRNAsosteosarcomasignaling pathways

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recognized regulators, but their control by long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is emerging.
  • lncRNAs function as crucial regulators in various cancers, notably osteosarcoma, a prevalent pediatric bone malignancy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of lncRNAs in gene expression regulation via the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism.
  • To explore the involvement of lncRNAs in key signaling pathways relevant to osteosarcoma pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on lncRNA-mediated ceRNA networks.
  • Analysis of lncRNA involvement in major signaling pathways (Notch, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, JNK, HIV/VEGF).
  • Utilized Gene Cards, KEGG, and Panther databases to identify signaling pathways for specific lncRNAs (SNHG, TUG1, MALAT1, XIST).

Main Results:

  • lncRNAs significantly regulate gene expression through ceRNA interactions.
  • lncRNAs are implicated in critical signaling pathways like Notch and PI3K/AKT.
  • Specific lncRNAs (SNHG family, TUG1, MALAT1, XIST) exhibit extensive regulatory axes with miRNAs and mRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • lncRNA-ceRNA interactions represent a novel gene regulation mechanism in pathophysiological processes, including osteosarcoma.
  • Investigating lncRNA functions can lead to new diagnostic and prognostic markers for osteosarcoma patients.