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    This study shows that heart rate variability (HRV) can simultaneously estimate drowsiness, stress, and tiredness in drivers. This research confirms the feasibility of using HRV for concurrent emotion detection during driving tasks.

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    Area of Science:

    • Physiological monitoring
    • Human-computer interaction
    • Affective computing

    Background:

    • Assessing driver emotional states like drowsiness, stress, and tiredness is crucial for road safety.
    • Current methods often focus on single emotional states, limiting comprehensive driver monitoring.
    • Heart Rate Variability (HRV) offers a non-invasive physiological signal with potential for multi-state analysis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the feasibility of concurrently estimating drowsiness, stress, and tiredness using HRV.
    • To develop and validate a model for simultaneous multi-emotion detection in a driving context.
    • To explore the complexity of physiological responses during driving.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a driving simulator for 120-minute sessions under varied conditions.
    • Recorded Heart Rate Variability (HRV), blood pressure, and salivary amylase.
    • Applied stepwise regression analysis on two distinct models (p = 0.05) with a set of prepared estimators.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved average performance metrics (correlation coefficient ± RMSE) for concurrent estimation: drowsiness (0.68 ± 0.12 / 0.66 ± 0.28), stress (0.72 ± 0.13 / 0.43 ± 0.21), and tiredness (0.71 ± 0.13 / 0.48 ± 0.21).
    • Demonstrated that a single HRV time series can yield information for multiple emotional states.
    • Highlighted the complex interplay of physiological behaviors during driving.

    Conclusions:

    • Concurrent estimation of drowsiness, stress, and tiredness from HRV is feasible in a driving simulator.
    • A single HRV signal can support the development of multi-emotion concurrent assessment models.
    • Findings support the development of advanced driver monitoring systems for enhanced safety.