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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
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B Cell Immunosenescence.

Daniela Frasca1,2,3, Alain Diaz1, Maria Romero1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA;

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
|October 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aging weakens immune defenses, increasing disease risk and reducing vaccine effectiveness. This review focuses on how inflammaging and changes in B cells contribute to these age-related immune declines.

Keywords:
B cellsaginginflammationobesityvaccine responses

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gerontology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Immune function declines with age, increasing susceptibility to infections and reducing vaccine efficacy.
  • Aging is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, termed inflammaging, linked to age-related diseases.
  • Older individuals experience more severe diseases with greater morbidity, disability, and mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review age-associated changes in immune cells, particularly B cells.
  • To highlight factors and pathways contributing to inflammaging and immune dysfunction.
  • To examine the role of adipose tissue in inflammaging and B cell dysregulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent published studies.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on immune cell aging.
  • Focus on B cell function and inflammaging pathways.

Main Results:

  • Aging impairs both innate and adaptive immunity, especially B cell responses.
  • Inflammaging is a key feature of aging, linking immune changes to disease.
  • Adipose tissue expansion with aging contributes to inflammaging and impaired B cell function.

Conclusions:

  • Age-related immune decline, particularly in B cells, increases disease susceptibility and reduces vaccine responses.
  • Inflammaging, influenced by factors like adipose tissue, drives immune dysfunction in the elderly.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for improving health outcomes in aging populations.