Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

2.0K
Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
2.0K
Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

47.0K
Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
47.0K
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

35.2K
The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
35.2K
Obesity01:24

Obesity

999
The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
999
Feedback Loops01:01

Feedback Loops

62.8K
In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.
62.8K
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution01:25

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

133
Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
133

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Air Quality as a Cornerstone of Sterile Technique.

AORN journal·2026
Same author

Effects of High-Impact Exercise on Bone Marker Concentrations During Controlled Low Energy Availability in Recreational Female Runners.

Calcified tissue international·2026
Same author

Commentary: navigating practice decisions when guidelines offer "no recommendation".

Infection control and hospital epidemiology·2025
Same author

Multisociety guidance for sterilization and high-level disinfection - CORRIGENDUM.

Infection control and hospital epidemiology·2025
Same author

Targeting Cathepsin K to Accelerate Diabetic Wound Healing.

ACS pharmacology & translational science·2025
Same author

An integrative review of new nurse practitioners' experiences in rural healthcare practice.

Rural and remote health·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System
04:48

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

Published on: May 8, 2018

11.4K

Appetite-Regulating Hormones in Human Milk: A Plausible Biological Factor for Obesity Risk Reduction?

D Enette Larson-Meyer1, Jessica Schueler1, Erin Kyle1

  • 1118739 Department of Family and Consumer Sciences (Human Nutrition), University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.

Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association
|October 8, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Human milk contains appetite-regulating hormones like GLP-1 and leptin that influence infant growth. These hormone levels change during feeding and over time, and are linked to maternal factors and infant weight outcomes.

Keywords:
breastfeedingbreastfeeding benefitsmaternal physiologymilk compositionmother-infant dyadnutrition

More Related Videos

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood
11:36

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

Published on: April 28, 2016

9.6K
Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats
05:57

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Published on: June 27, 2014

13.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System
04:48

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

Published on: May 8, 2018

11.4K
A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood
11:36

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

Published on: April 28, 2016

9.6K
Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats
05:57

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Published on: June 27, 2014

13.6K

Area of Science:

  • Human milk composition
  • Endocrinology
  • Infant nutrition

Background:

  • Human milk contains hormones that regulate appetite.
  • These hormones may influence infant growth and long-term obesity risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate changes in human milk concentrations of leptin, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and ghrelin.
  • To determine if these hormone levels vary during feeding (foremilk to hindmilk) and across the first six months of lactation.
  • To examine the association between milk hormone concentrations, maternal factors, and infant anthropometrics.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of milk samples from 22 mother-infant dyads at 1 month postpartum.
  • Measurement of leptin, PYY, GLP-1, and ghrelin using radioimmunoassay.
  • Collection of milk samples at 6 months from 15 mothers and infant anthropometrics at 1, 6, and 12 months.

Main Results:

  • Milk GLP-1 and milkfat increased from foremilk to hindmilk at 1 month; leptin and PYY remained stable.
  • Hormone concentrations and milkfat generally declined by 6 months.
  • Milk leptin and milkfat correlated with maternal adiposity; milk PYY correlated with maternal serum PYY.
  • Early milk GLP-1 and leptin were negatively associated with infant weight-for-age z-scores at 6 and 12 months.

Conclusions:

  • Appetite-regulating hormones in human milk are influenced by maternal factors.
  • These hormones may play a role in infant growth and the protective effects of breastfeeding against obesity.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the role of these hormones in infant development.