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Updated: Dec 6, 2025
A Model for Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Published on: January 5, 2017
The budding and depth of invasion model in oral cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Awais Wahab1,2, Oona Onkamo3, Matti Pirinen4,5,6
1Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Background:
Tumour budding (B) and depth of invasion (D) have both been reported as promising prognostic markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This meta-analysis assessed the prognostic value of the tumour budding and depth of invasion combination (BD model) in OSCC.
Methods:
Databases including Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched for articles that studied the BD model as a prognosticator in OSCC. PICO search strategy was "In OSCC patients, does BD model have a prognostic power?" We used the reporting recommendations for tumour marker prognostic studies (REMARK) criteria to evaluate the quality of studies eligible for systematic review and meta-analysis.
Results:
Nine studies were relevant as they analysed the BD model for prognostication of OSCC. These studies used either haematoxylin and eosin (HE) or pan-cytokeratin (PCK)-stained resected sections of OSCC. Our meta-analysis showed a significant association of BD model with OSCC disease-free survival (hazard ratio = 2.02; 95% confidence interval = 1.44-2.85).
Conclusions:
The BD model is a simple and reliable prognostic indicator for OSCC. Evaluation of the BD model from HE- or PCK-stained sections could facilitate individualized treatment planning for OSCC patients.
