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Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs. Each of the steps in a reaction mechanism is called an elementary reaction. These...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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Limitations of Friedel–Crafts Reactions01:26

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Several restrictions limit the use of Friedel–Crafts reactions. First, the halogen in the alkyl halide must be attached to an sp3-hybridized carbon for the Friedel–Crafts reactions to occur. Vinyl or aryl halides do not react since the carbocations formed are unstable under the reaction conditions. Second, Friedel–Crafts alkylation is susceptible to carbocation rearrangement, and the major products obtained have a rearranged carbon skeleton. In contrast, the acylium ion is...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

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Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 6, 2025

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
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Multi-Step Continuous-Flow Organic Synthesis: Opportunities and Challenges.

Jiao Jiao1,2, Wenzheng Nie1,2, Tao Yu3

  • 1School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|October 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Continuous-flow synthesis advances organic chemistry by integrating microchannel flow technology for efficient multi-step reactions. This approach enables the creation of complex molecules, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), paving the way for automated synthesis.

Keywords:
active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)continuous-flow synthesismulti-step processes

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Process Chemistry

Background:

  • Conventional multi-step organic synthesis faces challenges in efficiency and integration.
  • Microchannel flow chemistry offers advantages for continuous-flow multi-step synthesis.
  • Innovative methods are needed to overcome limitations in current flow chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements (2017-2020) in continuous-flow synthesis of functional molecules.
  • To highlight key technologies and challenges in flow chemistry for complex synthesis.
  • To assess the potential of continuous-flow approaches for integrated, automated synthetic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing green reactions and telescoped chemical design.
  • Implementing novel in-line separation techniques.
  • Summarizing recent reports on continuous-flow synthesis of functional molecules and APIs.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in continuous-flow multi-step synthesis.
  • Complex active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have been successfully synthesized using flow chemistry.
  • Key enabling technologies and remaining challenges were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous-flow chemistry is feasible for complex synthetic targets.
  • Modern flow chemistry facilitates efficient and integrated synthesis.
  • This field shows promise for the future development of automated artificial synthetic systems.