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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
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Nuclear Power02:36

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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
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Nuclear fuel consists of a fissile isotope, such as uranium-235, which must be present in sufficient quantity to provide a...
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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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Flame Photometry: Overview01:02

Flame Photometry: Overview

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Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
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Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

22.0K
Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Any Additional Igniters
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Modelling burning thermonuclear plasma.

S J Rose1, P W Hatfield2, R H H Scott3

  • 1Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|October 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers are exploring theoretical challenges and machine learning methods to achieve thermonuclear burn in fusion energy. This extreme plasma environment could unlock new insights into fundamental physics and early universe conditions.

Keywords:
fusionmachine learningplasma

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma Physics
  • Fusion Energy
  • Astrophysics

Background:

  • Significant progress in achieving thermonuclear burn via inertial confinement fusion (ICF) at facilities like the National Ignition Facility (NIF).
  • Other drivers, such as the Z-machine, are also advancing towards fusion ignition.
  • A burning plasma represents an extreme environment with potential for fundamental physics research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Discuss theoretical challenges in modeling burning plasmas.
  • Explore the application of machine learning (ML) for achieving fusion ignition.
  • Investigate connections between burning plasmas and fundamental physics, including quantum electrodynamics (QED) and Big Bang conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of burning plasma regimes.
  • Application of novel machine learning algorithms to fusion experiments.
  • Analysis of potential fundamental physics discoveries in extreme plasma environments.

Main Results:

  • Identified current theoretical modeling gaps for burning plasmas.
  • Demonstrated the potential utility of ML in advancing fusion ignition.
  • Outlined pathways for exploring QED and early universe physics using fusion plasmas.

Conclusions:

  • Achieving a burning plasma is a critical goal for fusion energy.
  • Advanced computational methods, including ML, are essential for overcoming modeling challenges.
  • Burning plasmas offer a unique platform for groundbreaking discoveries in fundamental physics.