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Lift is a fundamental aerodynamic force that acts perpendicular to the direction of airflow. It plays a central role in achieving and sustaining flight and in stabilizing various vehicles. Lift primarily originates from pressure differences created across surfaces, such as an airfoil. A lower pressure region forms above the wing, while a higher pressure region forms below it, generating an upward force. This differential results from the shape and orientation of the airfoil, enabling the wing...
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Engineered Vascularized Muscle Flap
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The History of Propeller Flaps.

Hiko Hyakusoku1,2, Shimpei Ono2

  • 1Department of Plastic Surgery, Square Clinic, Tokyo, Japan.

Seminars in Plastic Surgery
|October 12, 2020
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Summary

Propeller flaps, a reconstructive microsurgery technique, evolved from pedicled flaps for postburn contractures. This review details their development, classification, and significance in plastic surgery.

Keywords:
definition of propellerhistory of propellerpropeller flaps

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Microsurgery

Background:

  • Pedicled flaps were developed for postburn contractures in the 1980s.
  • Propeller flaps were first described in 1991, named for their rotating skin island.
  • The perforator flap concept was applied to propeller flaps in 2006.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a historical overview of propeller flap development.
  • To discuss the evolution and classification of propeller flaps.
  • To highlight the significance of propeller flaps in reconstructive microsurgery.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical development of pedicled and propeller flaps.
  • Discussion of key contributions and terminology (perforator flaps, propeller flaps).
  • Reference to the 2009 Tokyo Meeting consensus on definition and classification.

Main Results:

  • Propeller flaps emerged as a significant advancement in reconstructive microsurgery.
  • A consensus on the definition and classification of propeller flaps was established.
  • The technique has undergone continuous evolution since its inception.

Conclusions:

  • Propeller flaps represent a crucial development in reconstructive surgery.
  • Further advancements in propeller flap techniques are ongoing.
  • This review sets the stage for discussing recent evolutions in the field.