Exploring Phosphine Electronic Effects on Molybdenum Complexes: A Combined Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Energy...

In organometallic chemistry, especially in the catalysis area, accessing the finest tuning of a catalytic reaction pathway requires a detailed knowledge of the steric and electronic influences of the ligands bound to the metal center. Usually, the M-L bond between a ligand and metal is depicted by the Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson model involving two opposite interactions, σ-donor and π-acceptor effects of the ligand. The experimental evaluation of these effects is essential and complementary to in-depth theoretical approaches that are able to provide a detailed description of the M-L bond. In this work, we present a study of LMo(CO)₅ complexes with L being various tertiary phosphine ligands by means of mass-selected high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) performed with synchrotron radiation, DFT, and energy decomposition analyses (EDA) combined with the natural orbitals for chemical valence (NOCV) analysis. These methods enable a separated access of the σ-donor and π-acceptor effects of ligands by probing either the electronic configuration of the complex (PES) or the interaction of the ligand with the metal (EDA). Three series of PR₃ ligands with various electronic influences are investigated: the strong donating alkyl substituents (PMe₃, PEt₃, and PiPr₃), the intermediate PPhMe_(3- (x = 0-3) set, and the PPhPyrl_(3- set (x = 0-3 with Pyrl being the strong electron withdrawing pyrrolyl group C₄H₄N). For each complex, their adiabatic and vertical ionization energies (IEs) could be determined with a 0.03 eV precision. Experiment and theory show an excellent agreement, either for the IE determination or electronic effect analysis. The ability to interpret the spectra is shown to depend on the character of the ligand. "Innocent" ligands provide the spectra that are the most straightforward to analyze, whereas the "non-innocent" ligands (which are ionized prior to the metal center) render the analysis more difficult due to an increased number of molecular orbitals in the energy range considered. A very good linear correlation is finally found between the measured adiabatic ionization energies and the interaction energy term obtained by EDA for each of these two types of ligands, which opens interesting perspective for the prediction of ligand characters.