Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

1.1K
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
1.1K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

610
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
610
Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

1.2K
Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
1.2K
Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

1.3K
Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
1.3K
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

654
While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
654
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

740
Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
740

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Targeting the Carotid Body Function With Big-K<sup>+</sup>-Channel Blocker ENA-001 in Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression: A Scoping Review.

Pharmacology research & perspectives·2026
Same author

Degree of islet function preservation and continuous glucose monitoring in individuals undergoing total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation.

Diabetologia·2026
Same author

Effects of Selective Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 1 Agonist, TRV045, on Evoked Pain Tests: An Exploratory, Four-Way Cross-Over Study in Healthy Volunteers.

European journal of pain (London, England)·2026
Same author

Pain processing and pain assessment in Huntington's disease: Study protocol of the Huntington's disease - PAIN study.

PloS one·2026
Same author

<i>In Vivo</i> Detection of Nitrous Oxide in Blood and Saliva Following Recreational Use.

ACS omega·2026
Same author

Effect of Paroxetine or Escitalopram Coadministered with Oxycodone versus Oxycodone Alone on Ventilation during Hypercapnia: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Anesthesiology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 5, 2025

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice
07:09

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

Published on: July 16, 2014

49.0K

Hyperalgesia and Reduced Offset Analgesia During Spinal Anesthesia.

Elske Sitsen1, Monique van Velzen1, Mischa de Rover1

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, RC 2300, the Netherlands.

Journal of Pain Research
|October 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Spinal anesthesia increases pain sensitivity and reduces offset analgesia, a pain modulation effect, in areas remote from the anesthesia. These findings suggest central nervous system changes may underlie altered pain processing during anesthesia.

Keywords:
analgesiadeafferentationhyperalgesiapain responsesspinal anesthesia

More Related Videos

Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation: A Mouse Model of Chronic Neuropathic Pain to Study the Antinociceptive Effect of Novel Therapies
08:16

Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation: A Mouse Model of Chronic Neuropathic Pain to Study the Antinociceptive Effect of Novel Therapies

Published on: October 6, 2022

7.2K
Chronic Constriction of the Sciatic Nerve and Pain Hypersensitivity Testing in Rats
08:23

Chronic Constriction of the Sciatic Nerve and Pain Hypersensitivity Testing in Rats

Published on: March 13, 2012

60.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 5, 2025

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice
07:09

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

Published on: July 16, 2014

49.0K
Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation: A Mouse Model of Chronic Neuropathic Pain to Study the Antinociceptive Effect of Novel Therapies
08:16

Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation: A Mouse Model of Chronic Neuropathic Pain to Study the Antinociceptive Effect of Novel Therapies

Published on: October 6, 2022

7.2K
Chronic Constriction of the Sciatic Nerve and Pain Hypersensitivity Testing in Rats
08:23

Chronic Constriction of the Sciatic Nerve and Pain Hypersensitivity Testing in Rats

Published on: March 13, 2012

60.1K

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pain Management
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Spinal anesthesia causes deafferentation, potentially altering brain connectivity in pain modulation pathways.
  • Offset analgesia, a profound pain reduction from decreased noxious stimuli, is a key aspect of endogenous pain modulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of spinal anesthesia on pain sensitivity and offset analgesia.
  • To determine if spinal anesthesia alters pain modulation in remote, non-anesthetized areas.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized controlled crossover trial involving 22 healthy male volunteers.
  • Measurement of static thermal pain responses and offset analgesia at the C8/Th1 dermatome, above the anesthesia level.
  • Comparison of responses during spinal anesthesia versus control conditions.

Main Results:

  • Static pain scores at C8/Th1 were significantly higher during spinal anesthesia (59.1 ± 15.0 mm) compared to control (51.7 ± 19.7 mm; p = 0.03).
  • Offset analgesia was reduced during spinal anesthesia, with a smaller pain score decrease (79 ± 27%) compared to control (90 ± 17%; p = 0.016).

Conclusions:

  • Spinal anesthesia induces hyperalgesia and reduces offset analgesia in dermatomes remote from the anesthetic level.
  • The findings suggest a central origin for these altered pain responses, likely due to changes in brain areas controlling pain inhibition.
  • Peripheral mechanisms cannot be entirely excluded as contributing factors.