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Introduction to Virus01:28

Introduction to Virus

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Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Viral Mutations00:36

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Infection01:20

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Updated: Dec 5, 2025

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
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Before Virus, After Virus: A Reckoning.

Siddhartha Mukherjee1

  • 1Herbert Irving Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The 2020 Lasker Awards were cancelled due to COVID-19. An essay reflects on historical immunology and virology contributions and future research directions spurred by the pandemic.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology and Virology
  • Medical Research
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The Lasker Awards annually recognize outstanding contributions in medical research and public health.
  • Typically, essays on awardees are published in Cell.
  • The 2020 awards were canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Observation:

  • The Lasker Committee commissioned a special essay for 2020.
  • This essay focuses on historical advancements in immunology and virology.
  • It also addresses future research directions highlighted by the pandemic.

Findings:

  • The essay provides a retrospective on key scientific and medical breakthroughs.
  • It emphasizes the critical role of immunology and virology in understanding infectious diseases.
  • The pandemic has accelerated research and innovation in these fields.

Implications:

  • Understanding historical contributions is crucial for addressing current health crises.
  • The COVID-19 pandemic underscores the importance of continued investment in basic and clinical research.
  • Future directions in medical research will likely focus on pandemic preparedness and response.