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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Updated: Dec 5, 2025

A Data Integration Workflow to Identify Drug Combinations Targeting Synthetic Lethal Interactions
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Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD): update 2021.

Allan Peter Davis1, Cynthia J Grondin1, Robin J Johnson1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.

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|October 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) now offers 45 million toxicogenomic relationships, expanding its curated content by 20%. This update enhances understanding of chemical exposures and their impact on human health.

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Genomics
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) is a vital resource linking toxicological data for chemicals, genes, phenotypes, diseases, and exposures.
  • It manually curates literature-based interactions to build a knowledgebase of chemical exposures and their biological effects across species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report on the biennial update of the CTD, highlighting content expansion and new functionalities.
  • To improve the database's utility for understanding environmentally influenced diseases and generating testable hypotheses.

Main Methods:

  • Increased curated content by 20%, adding millions of new toxicogenomic relationships.
  • Introduced new data-tabs on Disease pages and enhanced phenotype search parameters.
  • Developed new CTD Anatomy pages and enriched Chemical pages with synonyms and amino acid-based compounds.

Main Results:

  • CTD now contains 45 million relationships involving over 16,300 chemicals, 51,300 genes, 5,500 phenotypes, 7,200 diseases, and 163,000 exposure events across 600 species.
  • New features facilitate exploration of chemical-phenotype interactions from anatomical and disease-centric perspectives.
  • Enhanced chemical querying through new synonyms and expanded chemical landscape.

Conclusions:

  • These updates significantly augment CTD's capacity as a powerful resource for environmental health research.
  • The expanded knowledgebase and improved functionalities support hypothesis generation regarding disease etiology and molecular mechanisms.