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Updated: Dec 5, 2025

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System

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Published on: May 12, 2011

Transcranial Approaches to the Orbit.

Paul A Gardner¹, Georgios A Zenonos¹, Cleiton Formentin^1,2

¹Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.

Journal of Neurological Surgery. Part B, Skull Base

|October 19, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Transcranial surgical approaches offer broad access to the orbit, with pterional craniotomy being common. Minimally invasive techniques like the supraorbital approach can reduce patient morbidity.

Keywords:

craniotomy eyebrow orbitozygomatic pterional supraorbital

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Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Ophthalmology
Surgical Anatomy

Background:

Transcranial surgical approaches are essential for accessing orbital pathologies.
These methods offer flexibility and wide exposure, though some areas remain challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the utility and limitations of transcranial approaches to the orbit.
To discuss modifications and minimally invasive alternatives.

Main Methods:

Review of established neurosurgical techniques for orbital access.
Discussion of pterional craniotomy, orbital/zygomatic osteotomies, and supraorbital approaches.

Main Results:

Transcranial routes provide extensive orbital visualization, particularly for superior and lateral aspects.
The inferomedial orbit presents a limitation for standard transcranial access.
Expanded approaches and minimally invasive options enhance surgical scope and safety.

Conclusions:

Transcranial approaches, including pterional craniotomy, are versatile for orbital surgery.
Minimally invasive supraorbital techniques offer reduced morbidity for select cases.
Surgical planning should consider approach limitations and patient-specific anatomy.