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Updated: Dec 4, 2025

Characterization of SiN Integrated Optical Phased Arrays on a Wafer-Scale Test Station
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An all-photonic focal-plane wavefront sensor.

Barnaby R M Norris1,2,3, Jin Wei4,5,6, Christopher H Betters4,5,6

  • 1Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Physics Road, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. barnaby.norris@sydney.edu.au.

Nature Communications
|October 22, 2020
PubMed
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Adaptive optics systems can now use a new wavefront sensor that integrates with the science image plane. This novel approach, combining photonic lanterns and deep learning, improves wavefront sensing accuracy.

Area of Science:

  • Optics
  • Astronomy
  • Optical Communications
  • Remote Sensing

Background:

  • Turbulent atmospheric conditions significantly degrade optical system performance.
  • Current adaptive optics (AO) wavefront sensors have limitations, including placement constraints and insensitivity to specific wavefront errors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and demonstrate a novel wavefront sensor for adaptive optics systems.
  • To overcome the limitations of existing wavefront sensing technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a photonic lantern fiber-mode-converter integrated with deep learning algorithms.
  • Developed a wavefront sensor placed at the same focal plane as the science image.
  • Reconstructed wavefront phase and amplitude information from intensity measurements of single-mode fiber outputs.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 4, 2025

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Main Results:

  • Simulations and experimental validation demonstrated the sensor's capability.
  • Achieved high precision in recovering Zernike wavefront errors (5.1 × 10⁻³ π radians root-mean-squared-error).
  • The sensor is optimal for single-mode fiber injection, simplifying system integration.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed photonic lantern and deep learning-based wavefront sensor offers a significant advancement for AO systems.
  • This new sensor overcomes previous limitations by enabling co-located focal-plane measurements.
  • The technology holds promise for enhanced performance in astronomy, optical communications, and remote sensing.