Microvessel-Assisted Environmental Thermal Energy Extraction Enabling 24-Hour Continuous Interfacial Vapor Generation

Interfacial solar evaporators have great potential for clean water production; however, their evaporation performance relies greatly on the solar illumination condition, which is restricted by daily sunshine time and climates. Here, a wood-based vapor generator in pyramid structure is fabricated to achieve efficient water evaporation under dark condition (0 kW m^-2 ) through efficient extraction of environmental thermal energy. The microvessels of wood provide fast water transportation whereas the tailored pyramid surface structure enables efficient evaporative cooling for extracting energy from the environment. The method enables fast water evaporation without the need of solar heat input. We demonstrate a vapor generation rate of up to 2.15 kg m^-2  h^-1 under dark condition (0 kW m^-2 ), which is even 1.4 times faster than the theoretical limit of conventional solar thermal evaporators working under 1 sun (1 kW m^-2 ) illumination condition. During the 24-h continuous evaporation test, the evaporator presented a daily vapor generation rate of up to 50.8 kg m^-2  day^-1 and 60.7 kg m^-2  day^-1 on cloudy and sunny day, respectively, offering a novel approach for the development of 24-h full-time water evaporators for seawater desalination and wastewater treatment.