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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology01:20

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

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Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. It attempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem-solving, as well as other cognitive processes. Cognitive psychology studies how information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing.
This field emerged in the mid-20th century, following a period dominated by behaviorism, which...
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Cognitivism01:17

Cognitivism

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Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
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Introspection01:29

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Introspection, long upheld as a reliable route to self-knowledge, involves examining one's thoughts, emotions, and mental processes. It underpins many psychological practices, from mindfulness meditation to psychotherapy and self-help strategies. However, empirical evidence challenges the accuracy of introspection as a means of understanding oneself.Limitations of Introspective InsightSeminal work by Nisbett and Wilson demonstrated that individuals are frequently unaware of the true causes...
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Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
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Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition01:24

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition

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A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
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Counterfactual Thinking01:19

Counterfactual Thinking

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Counterfactual thinking is a cognitive process wherein individuals mentally reconstruct alternative versions of past events, often beginning with “what if” or “if only.” This reflective mechanism plays a significant role in shaping emotional experiences and guiding future behavior. Though typically triggered by unfavorable or unexpected outcomes, counterfactual thinking can also emerge in mundane, everyday decisions and experiences, revealing its deep entrenchment in...
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A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
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Comparative cognition: Practical shortcomings and some potential ways forward.

Anastasia Krasheninnikova1, Pizza Ka Yee Chow1, Auguste M P von Bayern1

  • 1Department of Behavioural Neurobiology, Max-PlanckInstitute for Ornithology.

Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology = Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale
|October 22, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Comparative cognition research faces challenges in phylogenetic comparisons and species-specific factors. A multi-level approach and team science are proposed to improve understanding of cognitive evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Comparative cognition
  • Evolutionary psychology
  • Animal behavior

Background:

  • Understanding selection pressures on cognition and brain evolution across species is a key goal.
  • Progress is hindered by practical challenges in comparative studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review shortcomings in comparative cognition research.
  • To propose solutions for more systematic and comparable studies.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of two major shortcomings: poor phylogenetic comparisons and weak comparability of results.
  • Proposal of a multi-level comparative approach and team-science initiatives.

Main Results:

  • Identified poor systematics and low magnitude in phylogenetic comparisons as a key issue.
  • Highlighted confounding species-specific factors (perceptual, motivational, morphological) and lack of standardization.

Conclusions:

  • Advocates for direct comparisons within taxonomic groups before broad inter-group comparisons.
  • Emphasizes interdisciplinary collaboration for large-scale, standardized cognitive test batteries to yield reliable, species-representative data.