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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 4, 2025

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
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The Reflection Effect in Memory-Based Decisions.

Regina A Weilbächer1, Peter M Kraemer1, Sebastian Gluth1,2

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Basel.

Psychological Science
|October 22, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People prefer options they remember better, but this memory bias reverses for losses. This suggests memory and uncertainty in decision-making are linked, especially when facing negative outcomes.

Keywords:
decision-makingepisodic memoryopen dataopen materialspreregistereduncertainty

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Decision-making is influenced by memory.
  • People often prefer options they remember better.
  • The cognitive basis of this memory bias is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cognitive mechanisms behind memory-based decision-making.
  • To explore the role of subjective value in memory bias.
  • To connect memory bias to decisions under uncertainty.

Main Methods:

  • Two preregistered experiments were conducted with 36 participants each.
  • Participants made memory-based decisions between appetitive and aversive stimuli.
  • Behavioral patterns were analyzed in gain and loss domains, and compared with risk/ambiguity attitudes.

Main Results:

  • A memory bias favoring better-remembered options was observed in the gain domain.
  • This bias reversed in the loss domain, with participants preferring less-remembered options.
  • The observed effects were independent of participants' measured ambiguity or risk attitudes.

Conclusions:

  • Memory-based decision-making exhibits a reflection effect, similar to decisions under uncertainty.
  • The subjective value of options modulates the influence of memory on choice.
  • Findings link memory bias research with established theories of decision-making under uncertainty.