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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 4, 2025

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat
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Individual differences in strategy use and performance during fault diagnosis.

Michael Shreeves1,2, Leo Gugerty3, DeWayne Moore3

  • 1Psychology Department, Clemson University, Clemson, USA. michael.shreeves@asu.edu.

Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications
|October 23, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Most people use inefficient backtracking strategies for fault diagnosis. However, those with higher fluid intelligence and positive thinking use more efficient methods like elimination and inference to the best explanation (IBE).

Keywords:
Diagnostic reasoningFault diagnosisIndividual differencesNormative reasoningThinking dispositions

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Decision Making
  • Human Reasoning

Background:

  • Causal reasoning research often overlooks individual differences and uses simplistic problems.
  • Fault diagnosis is a complex reasoning task where individual cognitive processes vary significantly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate individual differences in cognitive processes during fault diagnosis.
  • Examine the relationship between normative strategies (elimination, IBE) and non-normative strategies (backtracking) with cognitive abilities and thinking dispositions.
  • Determine if strategy use correlates with processing speed and efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Employed an individual differences approach across three empirical studies with 279 participants.
  • Analyzed fault diagnosis strategies, including elimination, inference to the best explanation (IBE), and backtracking.
  • Assessed fluid intelligence and positive thinking dispositions.

Main Results:

  • Inefficient backtracking strategies were common; normative strategies (elimination, IBE) were infrequent.
  • Fluid intelligence positively predicted the use of elimination and IBE.
  • Positive thinking dispositions were associated with avoiding backtracking.

Conclusions:

  • Individual differences in fault diagnosis performance are substantial.
  • Normative strategy use is linked to higher fluid intelligence and open-minded thinking.
  • Normative strategies involve slow, analytic processing, while backtracking involves fast, heuristic processing.