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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Atomic and Electronic Structure of Solid-Density Liquid Carbon.

E Principi1, S Krylow2, M E Garcia2

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers generated liquid carbon (l-C) using laser pulses, observing rapid electronic structure changes. This nonthermal melting method opens new frontiers in studying the carbon phase diagram at extreme temperatures and pressures.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding the behavior of carbon under extreme conditions is crucial for materials science.
  • Previous studies have explored various carbon phases, but high-temperature, high-pressure regimes remain largely uncharted.
  • Laser-induced nonthermal melting offers a novel pathway to access these unexplored states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamics of liquid carbon (l-C) formation via nonthermal melting.
  • To analyze the atomic and electronic structure of laser-generated l-C.
  • To explore the potential of this method for mapping the carbon phase diagram.

Main Methods:

  • Amorphous carbon foil subjected to intense ultrashort laser pulse heating.
  • Time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the C K edge to monitor melting dynamics.
  • Theoretical simulations to complement experimental data.

Main Results:

  • Observed subpicosecond electronic structure rearrangement and change in C bonding hybridization during melting.
  • Achieved transient equilibrium of l-C at ~14,200 K and ~0.5 Mbar within 0.3 ps.
  • Demonstrated a nonthermal melting mechanism leading to solid-density liquid carbon.

Conclusions:

  • The laser-induced nonthermal melting technique provides insights into carbon's high-temperature, high-pressure behavior.
  • This method enables experimental exploration of previously inaccessible regions of the carbon phase diagram.
  • The findings pave the way for future investigations into extreme states of matter.